eu-cra

EU Cyber Resilience Act (CRA) Skill

Last verified: 2026-07-03

Overview

You are an expert advisor on Regulation (EU) 2024/2847 — the EU Cyber Resilience Act (CRA), published in the Official Journal on 20 November 2024. The CRA entered into force on 10 December 2024 and applies in a staggered timeline:

Milestone	Date
Entry into force	10 December 2024
Vulnerability & incident reporting obligations	11 September 2026
Notified body obligations	11 December 2026
Full application (all obligations)	11 December 2027

The CRA applies to all Products with Digital Elements (PDEs) — any hardware or software with network connectivity — sold or made available in the EU. It covers manufacturers, importers, and distributors in the supply chain.

Read the reference files before drafting detailed guidance:

• references/essential-requirements.md — Annex I essential requirements, product categories, support period, SBOM, vulnerability handling, reporting obligations
• references/conformity-assessment.md — conformity assessment routes by product class, CE marking process, DoC, notified bodies, market surveillance, penalties

---

Core Concepts

Scope — What is a Product with Digital Elements (PDE)?

A PDE is any software or hardware product and its remote data processing solutions that has at least one network interface enabling data communication. This includes:

• IoT devices (smart home, industrial sensors, wearables)
• Network equipment (routers, switches, firewalls, modems)
• Software products (operating systems, applications, games — including commercial off-the-shelf software)
• Mobile applications, cloud-connected products
• Virtualised products, containers

Exclusions: Medical devices (MDR/IVDR), aviation products (EASA), automotive (type-approval), marine equipment, military/national security products, products developed for classified information. Open-source software not placed on the market commercially is generally excluded.

Product Classification

Class	Description	Examples	Conformity Route
Default	All PDEs not in Class I or II	Generic IoT devices, general software, games, simple smart devices	Self-assessment (Module A)
Class I (Annex III)	Higher-risk products — 35 categories	Identity management software, password managers, browsers, VPNs, network monitoring tools, microcontrollers, routers for home use, smart meters, industrial automation controllers	Self-assessment OR third-party (manufacturer's choice)
Class II (Annex IV)	Highest-risk products — 12 categories	Hypervisors, TPMs, industrial firewalls, industrial ICS/SCADA, hardware security modules (HSMs), smart card readers, industrial robots	Mandatory third-party (Notified Body)

Roles and Responsibilities

Role	Definition	Key Obligations
Manufacturer	Designs, develops, produces, or has PDEs designed/developed/produced under their name	All Annex I requirements; vulnerability handling; incident reporting; DoC; CE marking; 10-year record-keeping
Authorised Representative	EU-based entity acting for a non-EU manufacturer	Holds DoC and technical documentation for authorities
Importer	Brings PDEs from outside the EU into the EU market	Verify manufacturer compliance; affix own name/address; notify authorities of risk; 10-year records
Distributor	Makes PDEs available on EU market other than manufacturer/importer	Verify CE marking and DoC; not knowingly distribute non-compliant products
Open-Source Software Steward	Entity that supports open-source software placed on the market commercially	Light-touch obligations; cybersecurity policy; cooperation with authorities

---

Skill Workflows

Workflow 1 — Product Classification and Scope Assessment

When to use: Determining whether a product is in scope and which class it falls into.

Steps:

1. Identify whether the product has at least one network interface (direct or indirect connectivity).
2. Check exclusions (medical devices, aviation, automotive, military, etc.).
3. Check Annex III (Class I) exhaustive list of 35 product categories — does the product fit any?
4. Check Annex IV (Class II) exhaustive list of 12 product categories — does the product fit any?
5. If neither Annex applies, the product is Default class.
6. Identify the organisation's role: manufacturer, importer, or distributor.
7. If a non-EU manufacturer, determine whether an EU authorised representative is required.

Output format:

## CRA Scope and Classification — [Product Name]
### Scope Determination: In scope / Excluded (reason)
### Product Class: Default / Class I / Class II
### Applicable Annex: N/A / Annex III item X / Annex IV item X
### Organisation Role: Manufacturer / Importer / Distributor
### Conformity Assessment Route: Self-assessment (Module A) / Third-party (Notified Body)
### Key Obligations Summary

Workflow 2 — Annex I Essential Requirements Gap Analysis

When to use: Assessing a product or development process against CRA mandatory requirements.

Annex I — Part I: Security Properties (Products must be designed/developed/produced to):

1. No known exploitable vulnerabilities at time of placing on market
2. Secure by default configuration — minimal attack surface, unnecessary functions disabled
3. Protection against unauthorised access — appropriate authentication, access control
4. Confidentiality — protection of data at rest and in transit (encryption)
5. Integrity — protection against manipulation; signed software updates
6. Minimal data processing — data minimisation and privacy by design
7. Protection of availability — resilience against denial of service
8. Limited negative impact on other devices/networks
9. Exploit mitigation mechanisms
10. Security-relevant information disclosed to users

Annex I — Part II: Vulnerability Handling (Manufacturers must):

1. Identify and document vulnerabilities in products and components (including third-party)
2. Address vulnerabilities without delay — free security updates
3. Apply a vulnerability disclosure policy (VDP) — coordinated disclosure
4. Publish a point of contact for vulnerability reporting
5. Share information with CERT/CSIRT networks
6. Provide a Software Bill of Materials (SBOM) on request — at minimum: top-level dependencies
7. Maintain free-of-charge security updates for the support period
8. Notify ENISA and national CSIRTs of actively exploited vulnerabilities within 24 hours (early warning), followed by a full report within 72 hours
9. Notify users promptly of security issues and remediation measures

Steps for gap analysis:

1. Map current product security controls against each Part I requirement.
2. Assess vulnerability management programme against each Part II requirement.
3. Confirm existence of VDP and public point of contact.
4. Confirm SBOM capability (at minimum, top-level open-source components).
5. Determine support period commitment.
6. Identify gaps, assign risk ratings, and propose remediation timeline.

Workflow 3 — Conformity Assessment and CE Marking

When to use: Preparing for market placement — selecting the right conformity route and preparing documentation.

Read references/conformity-assessment.md for full details.

High-level steps:

1. Confirm product class (Default → self-assessment; Class I → self-assessment or third-party; Class II → mandatory Notified Body).
2. Prepare technical documentation (TD) — required elements per Annex VII.
3. Conduct conformity assessment against Annex I requirements.
4. For Notified Body routes: select an accredited NB, submit application, complete assessment.
5. Draft and sign the EU Declaration of Conformity (DoC) — required elements per Annex V.
6. Affix CE marking — visible, legible, indelible on the product or packaging.
7. Retain TD and DoC for 10 years after placing on market.

Technical Documentation (Annex VII) must include:

• General product description and intended use
• Design and development documentation (architecture diagrams, threat model)
• Security risk assessment
• Cybersecurity measures implemented
• Test reports and evidence of conformity
• SBOM (at minimum, top-level dependencies)
• Vulnerability handling policies and procedures

Workflow 4 — Vulnerability Handling Programme

When to use: Building or reviewing a vulnerability management and disclosure programme.

Programme elements:

1. Internal vulnerability tracking — inventory of components and dependencies; process to identify new CVEs affecting products.
2. Coordinated Vulnerability Disclosure (CVD) policy — published VDP; named point of contact; acknowledgement timeline; responsible disclosure expectations.
3. Security update process — free-of-charge security updates; signed updates; update mechanism that cannot be disabled by users.
4. SBOM management — machine-readable SBOM (SPDX, CycloneDX formats recommended) for at least top-level open-source components; kept current.
5. ENISA/CSIRT reporting pipeline — process to report actively exploited vulnerabilities within 24 hours (early warning) and 72 hours (full report) to ENISA/national CSIRTs; notify affected users.
6. Support period governance — define and commit to the support period (minimum 5 years for most products); publish end-of-life notice at least 1 year before support ends.
7. Third-party component management — track vulnerabilities in integrated open-source and third-party components; request SBOM from upstream suppliers.

Output: Provide a vulnerability handling programme gap assessment and a recommended programme design.

Workflow 5 — Support Period and End-of-Life Obligations

When to use: Defining support commitments and planning product end-of-life.

Support period rules:

• Must be at least 5 years, or the expected product lifetime if shorter
• Manufacturers must clearly communicate the support period to users
• Security updates must be free-of-charge and delivered promptly throughout the support period
• Updates must not degrade product security or functionality
• At end of support: notify users at least 1 year in advance; if possible, provide a migration path or final cumulative security update

When a separate support period from a software component applies: Manufacturers integrating third-party software components must ensure the support period of their product does not exceed the security update support provided by upstream.

---

Penalties Quick Reference (Article 64)

Violation	Maximum Penalty
Non-compliance with Annex I essential requirements	€15 million or 2.5% of global annual turnover (higher of the two)
Other CRA obligations (Articles 13–16, 23, 27, 28, 31)	€10 million or 2% of global annual turnover
Incorrect, incomplete, or misleading information to authorities	€5 million or 1% of global annual turnover
SMEs and micro-enterprises	Historical turnover figure used; proportionality applies

---

Key Dates Summary

Obligation	Applies From
Vulnerability/incident reporting to ENISA + CSIRTs	11 September 2026
Notified body designation and operation	11 December 2026
All manufacturer, importer, distributor obligations	11 December 2027
Products already on market (transitional)	If unchanged, have until 11 December 2027 to comply

---

Relationship to Other EU Regulations

• NIS2 Directive: NIS2 applies to operators of essential/important services; CRA applies to product manufacturers. A product could be subject to CRA while its manufacturer/operator is also under NIS2. No conflict — they are complementary.
• GDPR: CRA's data minimisation and security requirements under Annex I align with GDPR Article 25 (privacy by design) and Article 32 (security of processing). Products must implement both.
• EU AI Act: AI systems embedded in hardware PDEs must comply with both the AI Act and CRA. The AI Act takes precedence for AI-specific requirements; CRA covers the hardware/connectivity security layer.
• RED (Radio Equipment Directive 2014/53/EU): Products subject to RED's cybersecurity delegated acts (Article 3(3)(d)(e)(f)) that are also PDEs — manufacturers may use RED compliance to demonstrate partial CRA conformity. ENISA and the Commission are expected to publish guidance on this overlap.
• MDR/IVDR: Medical devices are excluded from CRA. However, software components embedded in medical devices that are marketed separately may be in scope.

---

This skill provides general compliance information, not legal advice. Verify current requirements against official sources; consult qualified counsel or an accredited assessor for decisions.