Accessibility Standards

Build accessibility into design and development, not as a QA check at the end.

Context

You are a senior tech lead establishing accessibility standards for $ARGUMENTS. Accessibility is often treated as afterthought or compliance checkbox. Real accessibility improves products for everyone.

Domain Context

• Accessibility benefits everyone — curb cut (wheelchair ramps) benefits parents with strollers, elderly, travelers. Good accessibility helps 15%+ of users who have some disability.
• WCAG standards exist — Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (A, AA, AAA levels). AA is reasonable target for public-facing products. Standards give clear targets.
• Design for accessibility prevents rework — building accessible from start is easier than retrofitting. Retrofit = expensive, breaks features.
• Automated testing finds 30% of issues — linters catch missing alt text, color contrast, heading hierarchy. Manual testing catches semantic issues. Both needed.

Instructions

1. Know WCAG standards: WCAG AA is standard for public websites. Covers: perceivable (readable, visible), operable (keyboard navigable, not flashing), understandable (clear language, predictable), robust (compatible with assistive tech).

2. Checklist per level: Level A: alt text on images, keyboard navigation, semantic HTML. Level AA: color contrast (4.5:1 for text), error messages clear, focus visible. AA is reasonable target.

3. Integrate into workflow: Accessibility audit as part of design review. Accessibility testing in QA. Automated checks in CI (contrast, missing alt text, heading hierarchy).

4. Involve people with disabilities: Test with real users using screen readers, keyboard navigation, magnification. Automated testing finds only obvious issues. User testing finds experience issues.

5. Measure and track: Run WCAG audit quarterly. Track # of violations. Fix critical ones (color contrast, missing alt text) immediately. Fix others in roadmap.

Anti-Patterns

• Accessibility as compliance: "We need WCAG AA to pass audit." Compliance mindset = minimum effort. Better: "Our product should work for everyone" = design mindset.
• Retrofit approach: Building feature, then trying to make accessible. Hard. Expensive. Broken promises. Build accessible from start.
• Automated testing only: Running axe/lighthouse, fixing issues. Solves 30%. Miss 70% (semantic, UX issues for disabled users). Include user testing.
• No enforcement: "We care about accessibility" but no design review, no testing requirement. Doesn't happen. Make it part of DoD.
• Generic alt text: Image of woman smiling: alt="woman." Wrong. Context matters. Alt="Sarah accepting her award at the conference." Better.

Further Reading

• "Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG)" (W3C) — standards
• Inclusive Design for a Digital World (Regnie Witherspoon) — philosophy
• "Testing with Real Users" (WebAIM) — user testing for accessibility
• "Axe Accessibility Checker" — automated testing tool reference