Implements pytest-based Python testing with TDD cycles, fixtures, mocking, parametrization, and 80%+ coverage requirements. Activates when writing new code via TDD, designing test suites, reviewing coverage, or setting up test infrastructure.
npx claudepluginhub xu-xiang/everything-claude-code-zhThis skill uses the workspace's default tool permissions.
使用 pytest、测试驱动开发(TDD)方法论和最佳实践的 Python 应用程序综合测试策略。
Provides pytest-based Python testing patterns with TDD (red-green-refactor), fixtures, assertions, exceptions, and 80%+ coverage via pytest-cov. For new code, test suites, coverage reviews, test infra setup.
Provides Python testing strategies using pytest: TDD cycle, fixtures, mocking, parametrization, assertions, exception handling, and coverage measurement.
Implements pytest testing patterns including fixtures, mocking, parameterization, TDD, unit tests, integration tests, and async code for Python.
Share bugs, ideas, or general feedback.
使用 pytest、测试驱动开发(TDD)方法论和最佳实践的 Python 应用程序综合测试策略。
始终遵循 TDD 循环:
# 步骤 1:编写失败的测试 (红)
def test_add_numbers():
result = add(2, 3)
assert result == 5
# 步骤 2:编写最简实现 (绿)
def add(a, b):
return a + b
# 步骤 3:如果需要则进行重构 (重构)
pytest --cov 来衡量覆盖率pytest --cov=mypackage --cov-report=term-missing --cov-report=html
import pytest
def test_addition():
"""测试基本的加法。"""
assert 2 + 2 == 4
def test_string_uppercase():
"""测试字符串转大写。"""
text = "hello"
assert text.upper() == "HELLO"
def test_list_append():
"""测试列表追加。"""
items = [1, 2, 3]
items.append(4)
assert 4 in items
assert len(items) == 4
# 相等
assert result == expected
# 不等
assert result != unexpected
# 真值性 (Truthiness)
assert result # 为真 (Truthy)
assert not result # 为假 (Falsy)
assert result is True # 严格为 True
assert result is False # 严格为 False
assert result is None # 严格为 None
# 成员关系
assert item in collection
assert item not in collection
# 比较
assert result > 0
assert 0 <= result <= 100
# 类型检查
assert isinstance(result, str)
# 异常测试 (推荐方法)
with pytest.raises(ValueError):
raise ValueError("error message")
# 检查异常消息
with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="invalid input"):
raise ValueError("invalid input provided")
# 检查异常属性
with pytest.raises(ValueError) as exc_info:
raise ValueError("error message")
assert str(exc_info.value) == "error message"
import pytest
@pytest.fixture
def sample_data():
"""提供示例数据的夹具。"""
return {"name": "Alice", "age": 30}
def test_sample_data(sample_data):
"""使用该夹具进行测试。"""
assert sample_data["name"] == "Alice"
assert sample_data["age"] == 30
@pytest.fixture
def database():
"""带有设置和拆卸功能的夹具。"""
# 设置 (Setup)
db = Database(":memory:")
db.create_tables()
db.insert_test_data()
yield db # 提供给测试函数
# 拆卸 (Teardown)
db.close()
def test_database_query(database):
"""测试数据库操作。"""
result = database.query("SELECT * FROM users")
assert len(result) > 0
# 函数作用域 (默认) - 每个测试运行一次
@pytest.fixture
def temp_file():
with open("temp.txt", "w") as f:
yield f
os.remove("temp.txt")
# 模块作用域 - 每个模块运行一次
@pytest.fixture(scope="module")
def module_db():
db = Database(":memory:")
db.create_tables()
yield db
db.close()
# 会话作用域 - 整个测试会话运行一次
@pytest.fixture(scope="session")
def shared_resource():
resource = ExpensiveResource()
yield resource
resource.cleanup()
@pytest.fixture(params=[1, 2, 3])
def number(request):
"""参数化夹具。"""
return request.param
def test_numbers(number):
"""测试将运行 3 次,每个参数一次。"""
assert number > 0
@pytest.fixture
def user():
return User(id=1, name="Alice")
@pytest.fixture
def admin():
return User(id=2, name="Admin", role="admin")
def test_user_admin_interaction(user, admin):
"""使用多个夹具进行测试。"""
assert admin.can_manage(user)
@pytest.fixture(autouse=True)
def reset_config():
"""在每个测试之前自动运行。"""
Config.reset()
yield
Config.cleanup()
def test_without_fixture_call():
# reset_config 自动运行
assert Config.get_setting("debug") is False
# tests/conftest.py
import pytest
@pytest.fixture
def client():
"""所有测试共享的夹具。"""
app = create_app(testing=True)
with app.test_client() as client:
yield client
@pytest.fixture
def auth_headers(client):
"""为 API 测试生成认证头。"""
response = client.post("/api/login", json={
"username": "test",
"password": "test"
})
token = response.json["token"]
return {"Authorization": f"Bearer {token}"}
@pytest.mark.parametrize("input,expected", [
("hello", "HELLO"),
("world", "WORLD"),
("PyThOn", "PYTHON"),
])
def test_uppercase(input, expected):
"""使用不同输入运行 3 次测试。"""
assert input.upper() == expected
@pytest.mark.parametrize("a,b,expected", [
(2, 3, 5),
(0, 0, 0),
(-1, 1, 0),
(100, 200, 300),
])
def test_add(a, b, expected):
"""使用多个输入测试加法。"""
assert add(a, b) == expected
@pytest.mark.parametrize("input,expected", [
("valid@email.com", True),
("invalid", False),
("@no-domain.com", False),
], ids=["valid-email", "missing-at", "missing-domain"])
def test_email_validation(input, expected):
"""使用可读的测试 ID 测试电子邮件验证。"""
assert is_valid_email(input) is expected
@pytest.fixture(params=["sqlite", "postgresql", "mysql"])
def db(request):
"""针对多个数据库后端进行测试。"""
if request.param == "sqlite":
return Database(":memory:")
elif request.param == "postgresql":
return Database("postgresql://localhost/test")
elif request.param == "mysql":
return Database("mysql://localhost/test")
def test_database_operations(db):
"""测试将运行 3 次,每个数据库一次。"""
result = db.query("SELECT 1")
assert result is not None
# 标记慢速测试
@pytest.mark.slow
def test_slow_operation():
time.sleep(5)
# 标记集成测试
@pytest.mark.integration
def test_api_integration():
response = requests.get("https://api.example.com")
assert response.status_code == 200
# 标记单元测试
@pytest.mark.unit
def test_unit_logic():
assert calculate(2, 3) == 5
# 仅运行非慢速测试
pytest -m "not slow"
# 仅运行集成测试
pytest -m integration
# 运行集成测试或慢速测试
pytest -m "integration or slow"
# 运行标记为 unit 但不是 slow 的测试
pytest -m "unit and not slow"
[pytest]
markers =
slow: 将测试标记为慢速
integration: 将测试标记为集成测试
unit: 将测试标记为单元测试
django: 将测试标记为需要 Django
from unittest.mock import patch, Mock
@patch("mypackage.external_api_call")
def test_with_mock(api_call_mock):
"""使用模拟的外部 API 进行测试。"""
api_call_mock.return_value = {"status": "success"}
result = my_function()
api_call_mock.assert_called_once()
assert result["status"] == "success"
@patch("mypackage.Database.connect")
def test_database_connection(connect_mock):
"""使用模拟的数据库连接进行测试。"""
connect_mock.return_value = MockConnection()
db = Database()
db.connect()
connect_mock.assert_called_once_with("localhost")
@patch("mypackage.api_call")
def test_api_error_handling(api_call_mock):
"""使用模拟的异常测试错误处理。"""
api_call_mock.side_effect = ConnectionError("Network error")
with pytest.raises(ConnectionError):
api_call()
api_call_mock.assert_called_once()
@patch("builtins.open", new_callable=mock_open)
def test_file_reading(mock_file):
"""使用模拟的 open 测试文件读取。"""
mock_file.return_value.read.return_value = "file content"
result = read_file("test.txt")
mock_file.assert_called_once_with("test.txt", "r")
assert result == "file content"
@patch("mypackage.DBConnection", autospec=True)
def test_autospec(db_mock):
"""使用 autospec 捕获 API 误用。"""
db = db_mock.return_value
db.query("SELECT * FROM users")
# 如果 DBConnection 没有 query 方法,这将会失败
db_mock.assert_called_once()
class TestUserService:
@patch("mypackage.UserRepository")
def test_create_user(self, repo_mock):
"""使用模拟的仓库测试用户创建。"""
repo_mock.return_value.save.return_value = User(id=1, name="Alice")
service = UserService(repo_mock.return_value)
user = service.create_user(name="Alice")
assert user.name == "Alice"
repo_mock.return_value.save.assert_called_once()
@pytest.fixture
def mock_config():
"""创建一个带有属性的模拟对象。"""
config = Mock()
type(config).debug = PropertyMock(return_value=True)
type(config).api_key = PropertyMock(return_value="test-key")
return config
def test_with_mock_config(mock_config):
"""使用模拟的配置属性进行测试。"""
assert mock_config.debug is True
assert mock_config.api_key == "test-key"
import pytest
@pytest.mark.asyncio
async def test_async_function():
"""测试异步函数。"""
result = await async_add(2, 3)
assert result == 5
@pytest.mark.asyncio
async def test_async_with_fixture(async_client):
"""配合异步夹具测试异步函数。"""
response = await async_client.get("/api/users")
assert response.status_code == 200
@pytest.fixture
async def async_client():
"""提供异步测试客户端的异步夹具。"""
app = create_app()
async with app.test_client() as client:
yield client
@pytest.mark.asyncio
async def test_api_endpoint(async_client):
"""使用异步夹具进行测试。"""
response = await async_client.get("/api/data")
assert response.status_code == 200
@pytest.mark.asyncio
@patch("mypackage.async_api_call")
async def test_async_mock(api_call_mock):
"""使用模拟对象测试异步函数。"""
api_call_mock.return_value = {"status": "ok"}
result = await my_async_function()
api_call_mock.assert_awaited_once()
assert result["status"] == "ok"
def test_divide_by_zero():
"""测试除以零会引发 ZeroDivisionError。"""
with pytest.raises(ZeroDivisionError):
divide(10, 0)
def test_custom_exception():
"""测试带有消息的自定义异常。"""
with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="invalid input"):
validate_input("invalid")
def test_exception_with_details():
"""测试带有自定义属性的异常。"""
with pytest.raises(CustomError) as exc_info:
raise CustomError("error", code=400)
assert exc_info.value.code == 400
assert "error" in str(exc_info.value)
import tempfile
import os
def test_file_processing():
"""使用临时文件测试文件处理。"""
with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(mode='w', delete=False, suffix='.txt') as f:
f.write("test content")
temp_path = f.name
try:
result = process_file(temp_path)
assert result == "processed: test content"
finally:
os.unlink(temp_path)
def test_with_tmp_path(tmp_path):
"""使用 pytest 内置的临时路径夹具进行测试。"""
test_file = tmp_path / "test.txt"
test_file.write_text("hello world")
result = process_file(str(test_file))
assert result == "hello world"
# tmp_path 会被自动清理
def test_with_tmpdir(tmpdir):
"""使用 pytest 的 tmpdir 夹具进行测试。"""
test_file = tmpdir.join("test.txt")
test_file.write("data")
result = process_file(str(test_file))
assert result == "data"
tests/
├── conftest.py # 共享夹具
├── __init__.py
├── unit/ # 单元测试
│ ├── __init__.py
│ ├── test_models.py
│ ├── test_utils.py
│ └── test_services.py
├── integration/ # 集成测试
│ ├── __init__.py
│ ├── test_api.py
│ └── test_database.py
└── e2e/ # 端到端测试
├── __init__.py
└── test_user_flow.py
class TestUserService:
"""在类中组织相关的测试。"""
@pytest.fixture(autouse=True)
def setup(self):
"""设置代码在类中的每个测试之前运行。"""
self.service = UserService()
def test_create_user(self):
"""测试用户创建。"""
user = self.service.create_user("Alice")
assert user.name == "Alice"
def test_delete_user(self):
"""测试用户删除。"""
user = User(id=1, name="Bob")
self.service.delete_user(user)
assert not self.service.user_exists(1)
test_user_login_with_invalid_credentials_failspytest.raises@pytest.fixture
def client():
app = create_app(testing=True)
return app.test_client()
def test_get_user(client):
response = client.get("/api/users/1")
assert response.status_code == 200
assert response.json["id"] == 1
def test_create_user(client):
response = client.post("/api/users", json={
"name": "Alice",
"email": "alice@example.com"
})
assert response.status_code == 201
assert response.json["name"] == "Alice"
@pytest.fixture
def db_session():
"""创建测试数据库会话。"""
session = Session(bind=engine)
session.begin_nested()
yield session
session.rollback()
session.close()
def test_create_user(db_session):
user = User(name="Alice", email="alice@example.com")
db_session.add(user)
db_session.commit()
retrieved = db_session.query(User).filter_by(name="Alice").first()
assert retrieved.email == "alice@example.com"
class TestCalculator:
@pytest.fixture
def calculator(self):
return Calculator()
def test_add(self, calculator):
assert calculator.add(2, 3) == 5
def test_divide_by_zero(self, calculator):
with pytest.raises(ZeroDivisionError):
calculator.divide(10, 0)
[pytest]
testpaths = tests
python_files = test_*.py
python_classes = Test*
python_functions = test_*
addopts =
--strict-markers
--disable-warnings
--cov=mypackage
--cov-report=term-missing
--cov-report=html
markers =
slow: 将测试标记为慢速
integration: 将测试标记为集成测试
unit: 将测试标记为单元测试
[tool.pytest.ini_options]
testpaths = ["tests"]
python_files = ["test_*.py"]
python_classes = ["Test*"]
python_functions = ["test_*"]
addopts = [
"--strict-markers",
"--cov=mypackage",
"--cov-report=term-missing",
"--cov-report=html",
]
markers = [
"slow: 将测试标记为慢速",
"integration: 将测试标记为集成测试",
"unit: 将测试标记为单元测试",
]
# 运行所有测试
pytest
# 运行特定文件
pytest tests/test_utils.py
# 运行特定测试
pytest tests/test_utils.py::test_function
# 运行并输出详细信息
pytest -v
# 运行并带有覆盖率报告
pytest --cov=mypackage --cov-report=html
# 仅运行非慢速测试
pytest -m "not slow"
# 运行并在第一次失败时停止
pytest -x
# 运行并在 N 次失败后停止
pytest --maxfail=3
# 运行上次失败的测试
pytest --lf
# 运行符合模式的测试
pytest -k "test_user"
# 失败时进入调试器
pytest --pdb
| 模式 | 用途 |
|---|---|
pytest.raises() | 测试预期的异常 |
@pytest.fixture() | 创建可重用的测试夹具 |
@pytest.mark.parametrize() | 使用多个输入运行测试 |
@pytest.mark.slow | 标记慢速测试 |
pytest -m "not slow" | 跳过慢速测试 |
@patch() | 模拟函数和类 |
tmp_path 夹具 | 自动生成临时目录 |
pytest --cov | 生成覆盖率报告 |
assert | 简单且可读的断言 |
记住:测试代码也是代码。请保持其整洁、可读且易于维护。好的测试能发现 bug;卓越的测试能预防 bug。