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本技能提供 RESTful API 开发的最佳实践和模式。
Guides RESTful API design and implementation: resource naming, HTTP methods, URL patterns, error responses, versioning, and core principles.
Guides REST API design patterns for production-grade endpoints including resource naming, status codes, pagination, filtering, error responses, versioning, and rate limiting. Use when designing new APIs or reviewing contracts.
Designs consistent RESTful APIs covering conventions, HTTP methods, naming, versioning strategies, response formats, status codes, error handling, and pagination patterns.
Share bugs, ideas, or general feedback.
本技能提供 RESTful API 开发的最佳实践和模式。
# 资源命名 - 使用名词复数
GET /api/v1/users # 获取用户列表
GET /api/v1/users/:id # 获取单个用户
POST /api/v1/users # 创建用户
PUT /api/v1/users/:id # 更新用户(完整替换)
PATCH /api/v1/users/:id # 更新用户(部分更新)
DELETE /api/v1/users/:id # 删除用户
# 嵌套资源
GET /api/v1/users/:id/orders # 用户的订单
GET /api/v1/users/:id/orders/:orderId # 用户的特定订单
# 动作资源
POST /api/v1/users/:id/activate # 激活用户
POST /api/v1/orders/:id/cancel # 取消订单
| 方法 | 语义 | 幂等 | 安全 |
|---|---|---|---|
| GET | 读取资源 | ✅ | ✅ |
| POST | 创建资源 | ❌ | ❌ |
| PUT | 完整更新 | ✅ | ❌ |
| PATCH | 部分更新 | ❌ | ❌ |
| DELETE | 删除资源 | ✅ | ❌ |
// 单个资源
{
"success": true,
"data": {
"id": "123",
"name": "张三",
"email": "zhangsan@example.com"
}
}
// 列表资源
{
"success": true,
"data": [
{ "id": "1", "name": "用户1" },
{ "id": "2", "name": "用户2" }
],
"pagination": {
"page": 1,
"pageSize": 20,
"total": 100,
"totalPages": 5
}
}
// 创建成功
{
"success": true,
"data": { "id": "123", ... },
"message": "创建成功"
}
{
"success": false,
"error": {
"code": "VALIDATION_ERROR",
"message": "请求参数无效",
"details": [
{ "field": "email", "message": "邮箱格式不正确" },
{ "field": "age", "message": "年龄必须大于 0" }
]
}
}
各框架的完整 CRUD 路由实现:
详见 Next.js API Patterns - App Router + Zod 验证 + 认证授权
详见 FastAPI Patterns - Pydantic 模型 + 异步路由
详见 Express.js Patterns - express-validator + 中间件
interface PaginationParams {
page?: number;
pageSize?: number;
cursor?: string; // 游标分页
}
// 偏移分页
const { page = 1, pageSize = 20 } = query;
const skip = (page - 1) * pageSize;
// 游标分页(大数据量推荐)
const { cursor, pageSize = 20 } = query;
const where = cursor ? { id: { gt: cursor } } : {};
// ?sort=createdAt:desc,name:asc
const sortParam = query.sort as string;
const orderBy = sortParam?.split(",").map((s) => {
const [field, order] = s.split(":");
return { [field]: order || "asc" };
}) || [{ createdAt: "desc" }];
// ?status=active&role=admin
const { status, role } = query;
const where = {
...(status && { status }),
...(role && { role }),
};
// ?q=keyword
const { q } = query;
const where = q
? {
OR: [
{ name: { contains: q, mode: "insensitive" } },
{ email: { contains: q, mode: "insensitive" } },
],
}
: {};
/api/v1/users
/api/v2/users
Accept: application/vnd.api+json; version=1
JWT 认证中间件和权限检查的完整实现详见 Next.js API Patterns
| 状态码 | 含义 | 使用场景 |
|---|---|---|
| 200 | OK | 成功获取/更新 |
| 201 | Created | 成功创建 |
| 204 | No Content | 成功删除 |
| 400 | Bad Request | 请求参数错误 |
| 401 | Unauthorized | 未认证 |
| 403 | Forbidden | 无权限 |
| 404 | Not Found | 资源不存在 |
| 409 | Conflict | 资源冲突 |
| 422 | Unprocessable Entity | 业务逻辑错误 |
| 429 | Too Many Requests | 请求过多 |
| 500 | Internal Server Error | 服务器错误 |
/users 而非 /user记住: API 设计的核心是一致性——统一的 URL 结构、响应格式、错误处理,让调用方可预测。