sip-media-negotiation

SIP Media Negotiation

Master Session Description Protocol (SDP) offer/answer model, codec negotiation, and media session establishment for building robust VoIP applications with optimal media handling.

Understanding SDP and Media Negotiation

SDP (RFC 4566) is used in SIP to describe multimedia sessions. The SDP offer/answer model (RFC 3264) enables endpoints to negotiate media capabilities, codecs, and transport parameters.

SDP Structure and Syntax

Basic SDP Message

v=0
o=alice 2890844526 2890844527 IN IP4 atlanta.example.com
s=VoIP Call
c=IN IP4 192.0.2.1
t=0 0
m=audio 49170 RTP/AVP 0 8 97
a=rtpmap:0 PCMU/8000
a=rtpmap:8 PCMA/8000
a=rtpmap:97 iLBC/8000
a=ptime:20
a=maxptime:150
a=sendrecv

SDP Line Meanings

v=  Protocol version (always 0)
o=  Origin (username, session-id, session-version, network-type, address-type, address)
s=  Session name
c=  Connection information
t=  Timing (start-time stop-time, 0 0 means permanent)
m=  Media description (media, port, protocol, formats)
a=  Attribute (codec mappings, parameters, direction)

SDP Parser Implementation

Complete SDP Parser

interface SdpOrigin {
  username: string;
  sessionId: string;
  sessionVersion: string;
  netType: string;
  addrType: string;
  address: string;
}

interface SdpConnection {
  netType: string;
  addrType: string;
  address: string;
  ttl?: number;
  addressCount?: number;
}

interface SdpMedia {
  media: string;
  port: number;
  portCount?: number;
  protocol: string;
  formats: string[];
  attributes: Map<string, string[]>;
  connection?: SdpConnection;
  bandwidth?: Map<string, number>;
}

interface SdpSession {
  version: number;
  origin: SdpOrigin;
  sessionName: string;
  sessionInfo?: string;
  uri?: string;
  email?: string;
  phone?: string;
  connection?: SdpConnection;
  bandwidth?: Map<string, number>;
  timing: { start: number; stop: number }[];
  attributes: Map<string, string[]>;
  media: SdpMedia[];
}

class SdpParser {
  static parse(sdp: string): SdpSession {
    const lines = sdp.trim().split(/\r?\n/);
    const session: Partial<SdpSession> = {
      attributes: new Map(),
      timing: [],
      media: []
    };

    let currentMedia: SdpMedia | null = null;

    for (const line of lines) {
      const type = line.charAt(0);
      const value = line.substring(2);

      switch (type) {
        case 'v':
          session.version = parseInt(value);
          break;

        case 'o':
          session.origin = this.parseOrigin(value);
          break;

        case 's':
          session.sessionName = value;
          break;

        case 'i':
          if (currentMedia) {
            currentMedia.attributes.set('title', [value]);
          } else {
            session.sessionInfo = value;
          }
          break;

        case 'u':
          session.uri = value;
          break;

        case 'e':
          session.email = value;
          break;

        case 'p':
          session.phone = value;
          break;

        case 'c':
          const connection = this.parseConnection(value);
          if (currentMedia) {
            currentMedia.connection = connection;
          } else {
            session.connection = connection;
          }
          break;

        case 'b':
          const [bwType, bandwidth] = value.split(':');
          const bwValue = parseInt(bandwidth);
          if (currentMedia) {
            if (!currentMedia.bandwidth) {
              currentMedia.bandwidth = new Map();
            }
            currentMedia.bandwidth.set(bwType, bwValue);
          } else {
            if (!session.bandwidth) {
              session.bandwidth = new Map();
            }
            session.bandwidth.set(bwType, bwValue);
          }
          break;

        case 't':
          const [start, stop] = value.split(' ').map(Number);
          session.timing!.push({ start, stop });
          break;

        case 'm':
          if (currentMedia) {
            session.media!.push(currentMedia);
          }
          currentMedia = this.parseMedia(value);
          break;

        case 'a':
          const [attrName, attrValue] = this.parseAttribute(value);
          if (currentMedia) {
            if (!currentMedia.attributes.has(attrName)) {
              currentMedia.attributes.set(attrName, []);
            }
            currentMedia.attributes.get(attrName)!.push(attrValue || '');
          } else {
            if (!session.attributes!.has(attrName)) {
              session.attributes!.set(attrName, []);
            }
            session.attributes!.get(attrName)!.push(attrValue || '');
          }
          break;
      }
    }

    if (currentMedia) {
      session.media!.push(currentMedia);
    }

    return session as SdpSession;
  }

  private static parseOrigin(value: string): SdpOrigin {
    const parts = value.split(' ');
    return {
      username: parts[0],
      sessionId: parts[1],
      sessionVersion: parts[2],
      netType: parts[3],
      addrType: parts[4],
      address: parts[5]
    };
  }

  private static parseConnection(value: string): SdpConnection {
    const parts = value.split(' ');
    const addressParts = parts[2].split('/');

    return {
      netType: parts[0],
      addrType: parts[1],
      address: addressParts[0],
      ttl: addressParts[1] ? parseInt(addressParts[1]) : undefined,
      addressCount: addressParts[2] ? parseInt(addressParts[2]) : undefined
    };
  }

  private static parseMedia(value: string): SdpMedia {
    const parts = value.split(' ');
    const portParts = parts[1].split('/');

    return {
      media: parts[0],
      port: parseInt(portParts[0]),
      portCount: portParts[1] ? parseInt(portParts[1]) : undefined,
      protocol: parts[2],
      formats: parts.slice(3),
      attributes: new Map()
    };
  }

  private static parseAttribute(value: string): [string, string] {
    const colonIndex = value.indexOf(':');
    if (colonIndex === -1) {
      return [value, ''];
    }
    return [value.substring(0, colonIndex), value.substring(colonIndex + 1)];
  }

  static stringify(session: SdpSession): string {
    let sdp = '';

    // Version
    sdp += `v=${session.version}\r\n`;

    // Origin
    const o = session.origin;
    sdp += `o=${o.username} ${o.sessionId} ${o.sessionVersion} ${o.netType} ${o.addrType} ${o.address}\r\n`;

    // Session name
    sdp += `s=${session.sessionName}\r\n`;

    // Session information
    if (session.sessionInfo) {
      sdp += `i=${session.sessionInfo}\r\n`;
    }

    // URI
    if (session.uri) {
      sdp += `u=${session.uri}\r\n`;
    }

    // Email
    if (session.email) {
      sdp += `e=${session.email}\r\n`;
    }

    // Phone
    if (session.phone) {
      sdp += `p=${session.phone}\r\n`;
    }

    // Connection
    if (session.connection) {
      sdp += this.stringifyConnection(session.connection);
    }

    // Bandwidth
    if (session.bandwidth) {
      for (const [type, value] of session.bandwidth) {
        sdp += `b=${type}:${value}\r\n`;
      }
    }

    // Timing
    for (const timing of session.timing) {
      sdp += `t=${timing.start} ${timing.stop}\r\n`;
    }

    // Session attributes
    for (const [name, values] of session.attributes) {
      for (const value of values) {
        sdp += value ? `a=${name}:${value}\r\n` : `a=${name}\r\n`;
      }
    }

    // Media
    for (const media of session.media) {
      sdp += this.stringifyMedia(media);
    }

    return sdp;
  }

  private static stringifyConnection(conn: SdpConnection): string {
    let line = `c=${conn.netType} ${conn.addrType} ${conn.address}`;
    if (conn.ttl !== undefined) {
      line += `/${conn.ttl}`;
      if (conn.addressCount !== undefined) {
        line += `/${conn.addressCount}`;
      }
    }
    return line + '\r\n';
  }

  private static stringifyMedia(media: SdpMedia): string {
    let sdp = `m=${media.media} ${media.port}`;
    if (media.portCount) {
      sdp += `/${media.portCount}`;
    }
    sdp += ` ${media.protocol} ${media.formats.join(' ')}\r\n`;

    // Media connection
    if (media.connection) {
      sdp += this.stringifyConnection(media.connection);
    }

    // Media bandwidth
    if (media.bandwidth) {
      for (const [type, value] of media.bandwidth) {
        sdp += `b=${type}:${value}\r\n`;
      }
    }

    // Media attributes
    for (const [name, values] of media.attributes) {
      for (const value of values) {
        sdp += value ? `a=${name}:${value}\r\n` : `a=${name}\r\n`;
      }
    }

    return sdp;
  }
}

Codec Negotiation

Codec Registry and Management

interface Codec {
  payloadType: number;
  name: string;
  clockRate: number;
  channels?: number;
  parameters?: Map<string, string>;
}

class CodecRegistry {
  private static staticCodecs = new Map<number, Codec>([
    // Audio codecs (RFC 3551)
    [0, { payloadType: 0, name: 'PCMU', clockRate: 8000 }],
    [3, { payloadType: 3, name: 'GSM', clockRate: 8000 }],
    [4, { payloadType: 4, name: 'G723', clockRate: 8000 }],
    [5, { payloadType: 5, name: 'DVI4', clockRate: 8000 }],
    [6, { payloadType: 6, name: 'DVI4', clockRate: 16000 }],
    [7, { payloadType: 7, name: 'LPC', clockRate: 8000 }],
    [8, { payloadType: 8, name: 'PCMA', clockRate: 8000 }],
    [9, { payloadType: 9, name: 'G722', clockRate: 8000 }],
    [10, { payloadType: 10, name: 'L16', clockRate: 44100, channels: 2 }],
    [11, { payloadType: 11, name: 'L16', clockRate: 44100 }],
    [12, { payloadType: 12, name: 'QCELP', clockRate: 8000 }],
    [13, { payloadType: 13, name: 'CN', clockRate: 8000 }],
    [14, { payloadType: 14, name: 'MPA', clockRate: 90000 }],
    [15, { payloadType: 15, name: 'G728', clockRate: 8000 }],
    [16, { payloadType: 16, name: 'DVI4', clockRate: 11025 }],
    [17, { payloadType: 17, name: 'DVI4', clockRate: 22050 }],
    [18, { payloadType: 18, name: 'G729', clockRate: 8000 }],

    // Video codecs
    [26, { payloadType: 26, name: 'JPEG', clockRate: 90000 }],
    [31, { payloadType: 31, name: 'H261', clockRate: 90000 }],
    [32, { payloadType: 32, name: 'MPV', clockRate: 90000 }],
    [33, { payloadType: 33, name: 'MP2T', clockRate: 90000 }],
    [34, { payloadType: 34, name: 'H263', clockRate: 90000 }]
  ]);

  private dynamicCodecs = new Map<number, Codec>();

  // Register dynamic codec from rtpmap attribute
  registerCodec(payloadType: number, rtpmap: string): void {
    const [encodingName, clockRateAndChannels] = rtpmap.split('/');
    const parts = clockRateAndChannels.split('/');
    const clockRate = parseInt(parts[0]);
    const channels = parts[1] ? parseInt(parts[1]) : undefined;

    this.dynamicCodecs.set(payloadType, {
      payloadType,
      name: encodingName,
      clockRate,
      channels
    });
  }

  // Get codec by payload type
  getCodec(payloadType: number): Codec | undefined {
    return this.dynamicCodecs.get(payloadType) ||
           CodecRegistry.staticCodecs.get(payloadType);
  }

  // Add format parameters (fmtp)
  addFormatParameters(payloadType: number, fmtp: string): void {
    const codec = this.getCodec(payloadType);
    if (!codec) {
      return;
    }

    if (!codec.parameters) {
      codec.parameters = new Map();
    }

    // Parse format parameters
    const params = fmtp.split(';').map(p => p.trim());
    for (const param of params) {
      const [key, value] = param.split('=').map(s => s.trim());
      codec.parameters.set(key, value);
    }
  }

  // Get all supported codecs
  getSupportedCodecs(): Codec[] {
    const codecs: Codec[] = [];
    codecs.push(...CodecRegistry.staticCodecs.values());
    codecs.push(...this.dynamicCodecs.values());
    return codecs;
  }

  // Find common codecs between local and remote
  findCommonCodecs(
    localFormats: string[],
    remoteFormats: string[],
    remoteSdp: SdpMedia
  ): Codec[] {
    const common: Codec[] = [];

    for (const format of localFormats) {
      if (remoteFormats.includes(format)) {
        const payloadType = parseInt(format);
        const codec = this.getCodec(payloadType);
        if (codec) {
          common.push(codec);
        }
      }
    }

    return common;
  }
}

Offer/Answer Model Implementation

Complete Offer/Answer Handler

class SdpOfferAnswer {
  private localSession?: SdpSession;
  private remoteSession?: SdpSession;
  private negotiatedCodecs = new Map<string, Codec[]>();
  private codecRegistry = new CodecRegistry();

  // Create initial offer
  createOffer(options: {
    audio?: boolean;
    video?: boolean;
    localIp: string;
    audioPort?: number;
    videoPort?: number;
  }): SdpSession {
    const sessionId = this.generateSessionId();
    const sessionVersion = sessionId;

    const session: SdpSession = {
      version: 0,
      origin: {
        username: 'user',
        sessionId,
        sessionVersion,
        netType: 'IN',
        addrType: 'IP4',
        address: options.localIp
      },
      sessionName: 'SIP Call',
      connection: {
        netType: 'IN',
        addrType: 'IP4',
        address: options.localIp
      },
      timing: [{ start: 0, stop: 0 }],
      attributes: new Map(),
      media: []
    };

    // Add audio media
    if (options.audio !== false) {
      const audioMedia: SdpMedia = {
        media: 'audio',
        port: options.audioPort || 49170,
        protocol: 'RTP/AVP',
        formats: ['0', '8', '96', '97'],
        attributes: new Map([
          ['rtpmap', [
            '0 PCMU/8000',
            '8 PCMA/8000',
            '96 opus/48000/2',
            '97 telephone-event/8000'
          ]],
          ['fmtp', [
            '96 minptime=10;useinbandfec=1',
            '97 0-16'
          ]],
          ['ptime', ['20']],
          ['maxptime', ['150']],
          ['sendrecv', ['']]
        ])
      };

      // Register dynamic codecs
      this.codecRegistry.registerCodec(96, 'opus/48000/2');
      this.codecRegistry.registerCodec(97, 'telephone-event/8000');

      session.media.push(audioMedia);
    }

    // Add video media
    if (options.video) {
      const videoMedia: SdpMedia = {
        media: 'video',
        port: options.videoPort || 49172,
        protocol: 'RTP/AVP',
        formats: ['98', '99', '100'],
        attributes: new Map([
          ['rtpmap', [
            '98 VP8/90000',
            '99 H264/90000',
            '100 rtx/90000'
          ]],
          ['fmtp', [
            '99 profile-level-id=42e01f;packetization-mode=1',
            '100 apt=99'
          ]],
          ['rtcp-fb', [
            '98 nack',
            '98 nack pli',
            '98 ccm fir',
            '99 nack',
            '99 nack pli',
            '99 ccm fir'
          ]],
          ['sendrecv', ['']]
        ])
      };

      this.codecRegistry.registerCodec(98, 'VP8/90000');
      this.codecRegistry.registerCodec(99, 'H264/90000');
      this.codecRegistry.registerCodec(100, 'rtx/90000');

      session.media.push(videoMedia);
    }

    this.localSession = session;
    return session;
  }

  // Process remote offer and create answer
  createAnswer(remoteOffer: SdpSession, options: {
    localIp: string;
    audioPort?: number;
    videoPort?: number;
  }): SdpSession {
    this.remoteSession = remoteOffer;

    const sessionId = this.generateSessionId();
    const sessionVersion = sessionId;

    const answer: SdpSession = {
      version: 0,
      origin: {
        username: 'user',
        sessionId,
        sessionVersion,
        netType: 'IN',
        addrType: 'IP4',
        address: options.localIp
      },
      sessionName: 'SIP Call',
      connection: {
        netType: 'IN',
        addrType: 'IP4',
        address: options.localIp
      },
      timing: [{ start: 0, stop: 0 }],
      attributes: new Map(),
      media: []
    };

    // Process each media stream from offer
    for (const remoteMedia of remoteOffer.media) {
      const answerMedia = this.createAnswerMedia(remoteMedia, options);
      if (answerMedia) {
        answer.media.push(answerMedia);
      }
    }

    this.localSession = answer;
    return answer;
  }

  private createAnswerMedia(
    remoteMedia: SdpMedia,
    options: {
      audioPort?: number;
      videoPort?: number;
    }
  ): SdpMedia | null {
    // Parse remote codecs
    const remoteCodecs = this.parseMediaCodecs(remoteMedia);

    // Get our supported codecs
    const localCodecs = this.getSupportedCodecs(remoteMedia.media);

    // Find common codecs
    const commonCodecs = this.findCommonCodecs(localCodecs, remoteCodecs);

    if (commonCodecs.length === 0) {
      // No common codecs, reject media
      return {
        media: remoteMedia.media,
        port: 0,
        protocol: remoteMedia.protocol,
        formats: ['0'],
        attributes: new Map()
      };
    }

    // Store negotiated codecs
    this.negotiatedCodecs.set(remoteMedia.media, commonCodecs);

    // Build answer media
    const port = remoteMedia.media === 'audio'
      ? (options.audioPort || 49170)
      : (options.videoPort || 49172);

    const answerMedia: SdpMedia = {
      media: remoteMedia.media,
      port,
      protocol: remoteMedia.protocol,
      formats: commonCodecs.map(c => c.payloadType.toString()),
      attributes: new Map()
    };

    // Add rtpmap attributes
    const rtpmaps: string[] = [];
    const fmtps: string[] = [];

    for (const codec of commonCodecs) {
      let rtpmap = `${codec.payloadType} ${codec.name}/${codec.clockRate}`;
      if (codec.channels && codec.channels > 1) {
        rtpmap += `/${codec.channels}`;
      }
      rtpmaps.push(rtpmap);

      // Copy format parameters if present
      if (codec.parameters && codec.parameters.size > 0) {
        const params = Array.from(codec.parameters.entries())
          .map(([k, v]) => `${k}=${v}`)
          .join(';');
        fmtps.push(`${codec.payloadType} ${params}`);
      }
    }

    answerMedia.attributes.set('rtpmap', rtpmaps);
    if (fmtps.length > 0) {
      answerMedia.attributes.set('fmtp', fmtps);
    }

    // Copy direction attribute or use sendrecv
    const direction = remoteMedia.attributes.get('sendrecv') ? 'sendrecv' :
                      remoteMedia.attributes.get('sendonly') ? 'recvonly' :
                      remoteMedia.attributes.get('recvonly') ? 'sendonly' :
                      remoteMedia.attributes.get('inactive') ? 'inactive' :
                      'sendrecv';

    answerMedia.attributes.set(direction, ['']);

    // Add ptime if present in offer
    const ptime = remoteMedia.attributes.get('ptime');
    if (ptime) {
      answerMedia.attributes.set('ptime', ptime);
    }

    return answerMedia;
  }

  // Process remote answer
  processAnswer(remoteAnswer: SdpSession): void {
    this.remoteSession = remoteAnswer;

    // Process each media stream
    for (const remoteMedia of remoteAnswer.media) {
      if (remoteMedia.port === 0) {
        // Media rejected
        console.log(`Media ${remoteMedia.media} rejected`);
        continue;
      }

      // Parse negotiated codecs
      const codecs = this.parseMediaCodecs(remoteMedia);
      this.negotiatedCodecs.set(remoteMedia.media, codecs);
    }
  }

  private parseMediaCodecs(media: SdpMedia): Codec[] {
    const codecs: Codec[] = [];

    // Get rtpmap attributes
    const rtpmaps = media.attributes.get('rtpmap') || [];
    for (const rtpmap of rtpmaps) {
      const match = rtpmap.match(/^(\d+)\s+(.+)$/);
      if (match) {
        const payloadType = parseInt(match[1]);
        this.codecRegistry.registerCodec(payloadType, match[2]);
      }
    }

    // Get fmtp attributes
    const fmtps = media.attributes.get('fmtp') || [];
    for (const fmtp of fmtps) {
      const match = fmtp.match(/^(\d+)\s+(.+)$/);
      if (match) {
        const payloadType = parseInt(match[1]);
        this.codecRegistry.addFormatParameters(payloadType, match[2]);
      }
    }

    // Build codec list
    for (const format of media.formats) {
      const payloadType = parseInt(format);
      const codec = this.codecRegistry.getCodec(payloadType);
      if (codec) {
        codecs.push(codec);
      }
    }

    return codecs;
  }

  private getSupportedCodecs(mediaType: string): Codec[] {
    if (mediaType === 'audio') {
      return [
        { payloadType: 0, name: 'PCMU', clockRate: 8000 },
        { payloadType: 8, name: 'PCMA', clockRate: 8000 },
        { payloadType: 96, name: 'opus', clockRate: 48000, channels: 2 },
        { payloadType: 97, name: 'telephone-event', clockRate: 8000 }
      ];
    } else if (mediaType === 'video') {
      return [
        { payloadType: 98, name: 'VP8', clockRate: 90000 },
        { payloadType: 99, name: 'H264', clockRate: 90000 }
      ];
    }
    return [];
  }

  private findCommonCodecs(localCodecs: Codec[], remoteCodecs: Codec[]): Codec[] {
    const common: Codec[] = [];

    for (const remoteCodec of remoteCodecs) {
      const match = localCodecs.find(local =>
        local.name.toLowerCase() === remoteCodec.name.toLowerCase() &&
        local.clockRate === remoteCodec.clockRate &&
        (local.channels || 1) === (remoteCodec.channels || 1)
      );

      if (match) {
        // Use remote payload type
        common.push({
          ...match,
          payloadType: remoteCodec.payloadType,
          parameters: remoteCodec.parameters
        });
      }
    }

    return common;
  }

  private generateSessionId(): string {
    return Date.now().toString();
  }

  // Get negotiated codec for media type
  getNegotiatedCodecs(mediaType: string): Codec[] {
    return this.negotiatedCodecs.get(mediaType) || [];
  }

  // Get selected codec (first in negotiated list)
  getSelectedCodec(mediaType: string): Codec | undefined {
    const codecs = this.negotiatedCodecs.get(mediaType);
    return codecs && codecs.length > 0 ? codecs[0] : undefined;
  }
}

Advanced Media Features

ICE Candidate Handling

interface IceCandidate {
  foundation: string;
  component: number;
  transport: string;
  priority: number;
  address: string;
  port: number;
  type: 'host' | 'srflx' | 'prflx' | 'relay';
  relAddr?: string;
  relPort?: number;
}

class IceCandidateHandler {
  // Parse ICE candidate from SDP attribute
  static parseCandidate(attr: string): IceCandidate | null {
    // a=candidate:foundation component transport priority address port typ type [raddr reladdr] [rport relport]
    const parts = attr.split(' ');

    if (parts.length < 8) {
      return null;
    }

    const candidate: IceCandidate = {
      foundation: parts[0],
      component: parseInt(parts[1]),
      transport: parts[2],
      priority: parseInt(parts[3]),
      address: parts[4],
      port: parseInt(parts[5]),
      type: parts[7] as IceCandidate['type']
    };

    // Parse optional parameters
    for (let i = 8; i < parts.length; i += 2) {
      const key = parts[i];
      const value = parts[i + 1];

      if (key === 'raddr') {
        candidate.relAddr = value;
      } else if (key === 'rport') {
        candidate.relPort = parseInt(value);
      }
    }

    return candidate;
  }

  // Generate ICE candidate attribute
  static generateCandidate(candidate: IceCandidate): string {
    let attr = `candidate:${candidate.foundation} ${candidate.component} ` +
               `${candidate.transport} ${candidate.priority} ` +
               `${candidate.address} ${candidate.port} typ ${candidate.type}`;

    if (candidate.relAddr && candidate.relPort) {
      attr += ` raddr ${candidate.relAddr} rport ${candidate.relPort}`;
    }

    return attr;
  }

  // Calculate candidate priority (RFC 5245)
  static calculatePriority(
    type: IceCandidate['type'],
    component: number,
    localPreference: number = 65535
  ): number {
    const typePreference = {
      'host': 126,
      'srflx': 100,
      'prflx': 110,
      'relay': 0
    }[type];

    return (2 ** 24) * typePreference +
           (2 ** 8) * localPreference +
           (256 - component);
  }

  // Add ICE candidates to SDP
  static addCandidatesToSdp(sdp: SdpSession, candidates: IceCandidate[]): void {
    for (const media of sdp.media) {
      const mediaCandidates = candidates.filter(c =>
        c.component === (media.media === 'audio' ? 1 : 2)
      );

      const candidateAttrs = mediaCandidates.map(c => this.generateCandidate(c));
      media.attributes.set('candidate', candidateAttrs);
    }
  }
}

RTCP Feedback Configuration

class RtcpFeedback {
  // Add RTCP feedback attributes for video
  static addVideoFeedback(media: SdpMedia, payloadTypes: number[]): void {
    const feedbackTypes = [
      'nack',           // Generic NACK
      'nack pli',       // Picture Loss Indication
      'ccm fir',        // Full Intra Request
      'goog-remb',      // Google Receiver Estimated Maximum Bitrate
      'transport-cc'    // Transport-wide congestion control
    ];

    const rtcpFb: string[] = [];

    for (const pt of payloadTypes) {
      for (const fb of feedbackTypes) {
        rtcpFb.push(`${pt} ${fb}`);
      }
    }

    media.attributes.set('rtcp-fb', rtcpFb);
  }

  // Parse RTCP feedback
  static parseFeedback(attr: string): { payloadType: number; type: string; parameter?: string } | null {
    const match = attr.match(/^(\d+|\*)\s+([^\s]+)(?:\s+(.+))?$/);
    if (!match) {
      return null;
    }

    return {
      payloadType: match[1] === '*' ? -1 : parseInt(match[1]),
      type: match[2],
      parameter: match[3]
    };
  }
}

Media Capability Negotiation

Simulcast and SVC Support

class MediaCapabilities {
  // Add simulcast support
  static addSimulcast(media: SdpMedia, sendRids: string[]): void {
    // Add RID attributes
    const ridAttrs = sendRids.map(rid => `${rid} send`);
    media.attributes.set('rid', ridAttrs);

    // Add simulcast attribute
    const simulcastAttr = `send ${sendRids.join(';')}`;
    media.attributes.set('simulcast', [simulcastAttr]);
  }

  // Parse simulcast configuration
  static parseSimulcast(attr: string): {
    send?: string[];
    recv?: string[];
  } {
    const result: { send?: string[]; recv?: string[] } = {};

    // Parse "send rid1;rid2;rid3 recv rid4;rid5"
    const parts = attr.split(/\s+/);

    for (let i = 0; i < parts.length; i++) {
      if (parts[i] === 'send' && parts[i + 1]) {
        result.send = parts[i + 1].split(';');
        i++;
      } else if (parts[i] === 'recv' && parts[i + 1]) {
        result.recv = parts[i + 1].split(';');
        i++;
      }
    }

    return result;
  }

  // Add SVC (Scalable Video Coding) support
  static addSvcSupport(media: SdpMedia, payloadType: number): void {
    // Add dependency descriptor extension
    media.attributes.set('extmap', [
      '1 urn:ietf:params:rtp-hdrext:sdes:mid',
      '2 http://www.webrtc.org/experiments/rtp-hdrext/generic-frame-descriptor-00'
    ]);

    // Add SVC format parameters
    const fmtps = media.attributes.get('fmtp') || [];
    const svcParams = 'scalability-mode=L3T3';

    const existingIndex = fmtps.findIndex(f => f.startsWith(`${payloadType} `));
    if (existingIndex >= 0) {
      fmtps[existingIndex] += `;${svcParams}`;
    } else {
      fmtps.push(`${payloadType} ${svcParams}`);
    }

    media.attributes.set('fmtp', fmtps);
  }
}

Complete SIP Offer/Answer Example

class SipMediaSession {
  private offerAnswer = new SdpOfferAnswer();

  // UAC (caller) creates offer
  async initiateCall(callee: string, localIp: string): Promise<string> {
    // Create SDP offer
    const offer = this.offerAnswer.createOffer({
      audio: true,
      video: false,
      localIp,
      audioPort: 49170
    });

    // Build SIP INVITE
    const sdpBody = SdpParser.stringify(offer);

    const invite = `INVITE sip:${callee} SIP/2.0\r
Via: SIP/2.0/UDP ${localIp}:5060;branch=z9hG4bK${this.generateBranch()}\r
Max-Forwards: 70\r
To: <sip:${callee}>\r
From: <sip:caller@example.com>;tag=${this.generateTag()}\r
Call-ID: ${this.generateCallId()}\r
CSeq: 1 INVITE\r
Contact: <sip:caller@${localIp}:5060>\r
Content-Type: application/sdp\r
Content-Length: ${sdpBody.length}\r
\r
${sdpBody}`;

    return invite;
  }

  // UAS (callee) creates answer
  async acceptCall(inviteMessage: string, localIp: string): Promise<string> {
    // Parse INVITE and extract SDP
    const sdpStart = inviteMessage.indexOf('v=0');
    const sdpBody = inviteMessage.substring(sdpStart);
    const offer = SdpParser.parse(sdpBody);

    // Create SDP answer
    const answer = this.offerAnswer.createAnswer(offer, {
      localIp,
      audioPort: 49170
    });

    // Get negotiated codec
    const codec = this.offerAnswer.getSelectedCodec('audio');
    console.log('Selected codec:', codec);

    // Build SIP 200 OK
    const answerSdp = SdpParser.stringify(answer);

    const response = `SIP/2.0 200 OK\r
Via: SIP/2.0/UDP ${localIp}:5060;branch=z9hG4bK${this.generateBranch()}\r
To: <sip:callee@example.com>;tag=${this.generateTag()}\r
From: <sip:caller@example.com>;tag=caller-tag\r
Call-ID: call-id\r
CSeq: 1 INVITE\r
Contact: <sip:callee@${localIp}:5060>\r
Content-Type: application/sdp\r
Content-Length: ${answerSdp.length}\r
\r
${answerSdp}`;

    return response;
  }

  // UAC processes answer
  processAnswer(responseMessage: string): void {
    // Parse 200 OK and extract SDP
    const sdpStart = responseMessage.indexOf('v=0');
    const sdpBody = responseMessage.substring(sdpStart);
    const answer = SdpParser.parse(sdpBody);

    // Process answer
    this.offerAnswer.processAnswer(answer);

    // Get negotiated codecs
    const audioCodecs = this.offerAnswer.getNegotiatedCodecs('audio');
    console.log('Negotiated audio codecs:', audioCodecs);
  }

  private generateBranch(): string {
    return Math.random().toString(36).substring(7);
  }

  private generateTag(): string {
    return Math.random().toString(36).substring(7);
  }

  private generateCallId(): string {
    return `${Date.now()}@example.com`;
  }
}

When to Use This Skill

Use sip-media-negotiation when building applications that require:

• Setting up audio/video calls with codec negotiation
• Implementing SDP offer/answer model
• Parsing and generating SDP messages
• Negotiating media capabilities between endpoints
• Handling multiple codec support
• Implementing ICE for NAT traversal
• Configuring RTCP feedback for video
• Supporting advanced features like simulcast
• Building WebRTC-SIP gateways
• Creating multi-party conferencing systems

Best Practices

1. Always validate SDP structure - Parse and validate before processing
2. Support multiple codecs - Offer fallback options for compatibility
3. Use payload type 96+ for dynamic codecs - Follow RFC 3551 guidelines
4. Include rtpmap for dynamic types - Even if well-known, be explicit
5. Add format parameters (fmtp) - Specify codec configuration details
6. Respect media direction attributes - sendrecv, sendonly, recvonly, inactive
7. Handle rejected media (port=0) - Gracefully handle unsupported media
8. Update session version on modification - Increment o= version field
9. Include timing information - Required t= line even if permanent (0 0)
10. Set appropriate ptime - Balance latency vs packet overhead
11. Support telephone-event - Enable DTMF transmission (RFC 4733)
12. Add ICE candidates when using ICE - Include all candidate types
13. Configure RTCP feedback for video - Enable error resilience features
14. Order codecs by preference - Most preferred first in format list
15. Preserve codec parameters in answer - Match offerer's fmtp settings

Common Pitfalls

1. Missing rtpmap for dynamic payloads - Causes codec mismatch
2. Incorrect payload type numbering - Use 96-127 for dynamic, 0-95 for static
3. Not handling rejected media - Assumes all media accepted
4. Ignoring format parameters - Codec may not work correctly
5. Wrong clock rate in rtpmap - Audio uses 8000, video uses 90000 typically
6. Missing required SDP lines - v=, o=, s=, t= are mandatory
7. Not updating session version - Causes confusion on re-INVITE
8. Mismatched payload types - Using different PT for same codec
9. Forgetting Content-Length - SIP requires accurate body length
10. Not escaping special characters - URI parameters must be encoded
11. Wrong media direction logic - sendonly should be answered with recvonly
12. Missing connection information - c= required at session or media level
13. Incorrect component numbers - RTP=1, RTCP=2 for ICE candidates
14. Not prioritizing secure codecs - Prefer encrypted over plaintext
15. Hardcoded ports - Use dynamic port allocation for multiple sessions

Resources

• RFC 3264 - SDP Offer/Answer Model
• RFC 4566 - Session Description Protocol (SDP)
• RFC 3551 - RTP Profile for Audio and Video
• RFC 4733 - RTP Payload for DTMF
• RFC 5245 - Interactive Connectivity Establishment (ICE)
• RFC 5506 - Reduced-Size RTCP
• RFC 5761 - Multiplexing RTP and RTCP
• RFC 8866 - SDP Update
• WebRTC SDP Documentation