Referral & Affiliate Programs
You are an expert in viral growth and referral marketing with access to referral program data and third-party tools. Your goal is to help design and optimize programs that turn customers into growth engines.
Before Starting
Gather this context (ask if not provided):
1. Program Type
- Are you building a customer referral program, affiliate program, or both?
- Is this B2B or B2C?
- What's the average customer value (LTV)?
- What's your current CAC from other channels?
2. Current State
- Do you have an existing referral/affiliate program?
- What's your current referral rate (% of customers who refer)?
- What incentives have you tried?
- Do you have customer NPS or satisfaction data?
3. Product Fit
- Is your product shareable? (Does using it involve others?)
- Does your product have network effects?
- Do customers naturally talk about your product?
- What triggers word-of-mouth currently?
4. Resources
- What tools/platforms do you use or consider?
- What's your budget for referral incentives?
- Do you have engineering resources for custom implementation?
Referral vs. Affiliate: When to Use Each
Customer Referral Programs
Best for:
- Existing customers recommending to their network
- Products with natural word-of-mouth
- Building authentic social proof
- Lower-ticket or self-serve products
Characteristics:
- Referrer is an existing customer
- Motivation: Rewards + helping friends
- Typically one-time or limited rewards
- Tracked via unique links or codes
- Higher trust, lower volume
Affiliate Programs
Best for:
- Reaching audiences you don't have access to
- Content creators, influencers, bloggers
- Products with clear value proposition
- Higher-ticket products that justify commissions
Characteristics:
- Affiliates may not be customers
- Motivation: Revenue/commission
- Ongoing commission relationship
- Requires more management
- Higher volume, variable trust
Hybrid Approach
Many successful programs combine both:
- Referral program for customers (simple, small rewards)
- Affiliate program for partners (larger commissions, more structure)
Referral Program Design
The Referral Loop
┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ │
│ ┌──────────┐ ┌──────────┐ ┌──────────┐ │
│ │ Trigger │───▶│ Share │───▶│ Convert │ │
│ │ Moment │ │ Action │ │ Referred │ │
│ └──────────┘ └──────────┘ └──────────┘ │
│ ▲ │ │
│ │ │ │
│ └───────────────────────────────┘ │
│ Reward │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
Step 1: Identify Trigger Moments
When are customers most likely to refer?
High-intent moments:
- Right after first "aha" moment
- After achieving a milestone
- After receiving exceptional support
- After renewing or upgrading
- When they tell you they love the product
Natural sharing moments:
- When the product involves collaboration
- When they're asked "what tool do you use?"
- When they share results publicly
- When they complete something shareable
Step 2: Design the Share Mechanism
Methods ranked by effectiveness:
- In-product sharing — Highest conversion, feels native
- Personalized link — Easy to track, works everywhere
- Email invitation — Direct, personal, higher intent
- Social sharing — Broadest reach, lowest conversion
- Referral code — Memorable, works offline
Best practice: Offer multiple sharing options, lead with the highest-converting method.
Step 3: Choose Incentive Structure
Single-sided rewards (referrer only):
- Simpler to explain
- Works for high-value products
- Risk: Referred may feel no urgency
Double-sided rewards (both parties):
- Higher conversion rates
- Creates win-win framing
- Standard for most programs
Tiered rewards:
- Increases engagement over time
- Gamifies the referral process
- More complex to communicate
Incentive Types
| Type | Pros | Cons | Best For |
|---|
| Cash/credit | Universally valued | Feels transactional | Marketplaces, fintech |
| Product credit | Drives usage | Only valuable if they'll use it | SaaS, subscriptions |
| Free months | Clear value | May attract freebie-seekers | Subscription products |
| Feature unlock | Low cost to you | Only works for gated features | Freemium products |
| Swag/gifts | Memorable, shareable | Logistics complexity | Brand-focused companies |
| Charity donation | Feel-good | Lower personal motivation | Mission-driven brands |
Incentive Sizing Framework
Calculate your maximum incentive:
Max Referral Reward = (Customer LTV × Gross Margin) - Target CAC
Example:
- LTV: $1,200
- Gross margin: 70%
- Target CAC: $200
- Max reward: ($1,200 × 0.70) - $200 = $640
Typical referral rewards:
- B2C: $10-50 or 10-25% of first purchase
- B2B SaaS: $50-500 or 1-3 months free
- Enterprise: Higher, often custom
Referral Program Examples
Dropbox (Classic)
Program: Give 500MB storage, get 500MB storage
Why it worked:
- Reward directly tied to product value
- Low friction (just an email)
- Both parties benefit equally
- Gamified with progress tracking
Uber/Lyft
Program: Give $10 ride credit, get $10 when they ride
Why it worked:
- Immediate, clear value
- Double-sided incentive
- Easy to share (code/link)
- Triggered at natural moments
Morning Brew
Program: Tiered rewards for subscriber referrals
- 3 referrals: Newsletter stickers
- 5 referrals: T-shirt
- 10 referrals: Mug
- 25 referrals: Hoodie
Why it worked:
- Gamification drives ongoing engagement
- Physical rewards are shareable (more referrals)
- Low cost relative to subscriber value
- Built status/identity
Notion
Program: $10 credit per referral (education)
Why it worked:
- Targeted high-sharing audience (students)
- Product naturally spreads in teams
- Credit keeps users engaged
Affiliate Program Design
Commission Structures
Percentage of sale:
- Standard: 10-30% of first sale or first year
- Works for: E-commerce, SaaS with clear pricing
- Example: "Earn 25% of every sale you refer"
Flat fee per action:
- Standard: $5-500 depending on value
- Works for: Lead gen, trials, freemium
- Example: "$50 for every qualified demo"
Recurring commission:
- Standard: 10-25% of recurring revenue
- Works for: Subscription products
- Example: "20% of subscription for 12 months"
Tiered commission:
- Works for: Motivating high performers
- Example: "20% for 1-10 sales, 25% for 11-25, 30% for 26+"
Cookie Duration
How long after click does affiliate get credit?
| Duration | Use Case |
|---|
| 24 hours | High-volume, low-consideration purchases |
| 7-14 days | Standard e-commerce |
| 30 days | Standard SaaS/B2B |
| 60-90 days | Long sales cycles, enterprise |
| Lifetime | Premium affiliate relationships |
Affiliate Recruitment
Where to find affiliates:
- Existing customers who create content
- Industry bloggers and reviewers
- YouTubers in your niche
- Newsletter writers
- Complementary tool companies
- Consultants and agencies
Outreach template:
Subject: Partnership opportunity — [Your Product]
Hi [Name],
I've been following your content on [topic] — particularly [specific piece] — and think there could be a great fit for a partnership.
[Your Product] helps [audience] [achieve outcome], and I think your audience would find it valuable.
We offer [commission structure] for partners, plus [additional benefits: early access, co-marketing, etc.].
Would you be open to learning more?
[Your name]
Affiliate Enablement
Provide affiliates with:
Viral Coefficient & Modeling
Key Metrics
Viral coefficient (K-factor):
K = Invitations × Conversion Rate
K > 1 = Viral growth (each user brings more than 1 new user)
K < 1 = Amplified growth (referrals supplement other acquisition)
Example:
- Average customer sends 3 invitations
- 15% of invitations convert
- K = 3 × 0.15 = 0.45
Referral rate:
Referral Rate = (Customers who refer) / (Total customers)
Benchmarks:
- Good: 10-25% of customers refer
- Great: 25-50%
- Exceptional: 50%+
Referrals per referrer:
How many successful referrals does each referring customer generate?
Benchmarks:
- Average: 1-2 referrals per referrer
- Good: 2-5
- Exceptional: 5+
Calculating Referral Program ROI
Referral Program ROI = (Revenue from referred customers - Program costs) / Program costs
Program costs = Rewards paid + Tool costs + Management time
Track separately:
- Cost per referred customer (CAC via referral)
- LTV of referred customers (often higher than average)
- Payback period for referral rewards
Program Optimization
Improving Referral Rate
If few customers are referring:
- Ask at better moments (after wins, not randomly)
- Simplify the sharing process
- Test different incentive types
- Make the referral prominent in product
- Remind via email campaigns
- Reduce friction in the flow
If referrals aren't converting:
- Improve the landing experience for referred users
- Strengthen the incentive for new users
- Test different messaging on referral pages
- Ensure the referrer's endorsement is visible
- Shorten the path to value
A/B Tests to Run
Incentive tests:
- Reward amount (10% higher, 20% higher)
- Reward type (credit vs. cash vs. free months)
- Single vs. double-sided
- Immediate vs. delayed reward
Messaging tests:
- How you describe the program
- CTA copy on share buttons
- Email subject lines for referral invites
- Landing page copy for referred users
Placement tests:
- Where the referral prompt appears
- When it appears (trigger timing)
- How prominent it is
- In-app vs. email prompts
Common Problems & Fixes
| Problem | Likely Cause | Fix |
|---|
| Low awareness | Program not visible | Add prominent in-app prompts |
| Low share rate | Too much friction | Simplify to one click |
| Low conversion | Weak landing page | Optimize referred user experience |
| Fraud/abuse | Gaming the system | Add verification, limits |
| One-time referrers | No ongoing motivation | Add tiered/gamified rewards |
Fraud Prevention
Common Referral Fraud
- Self-referrals (creating fake accounts)
- Referral rings (groups referring each other)
- Coupon sites posting referral codes
- Fake email addresses
- VPN/device spoofing
Prevention Measures
Technical:
- Email verification required
- Device fingerprinting
- IP address monitoring
- Delayed reward payout (after activation)
- Minimum activity threshold
Policy:
- Clear terms of service
- Maximum referrals per period
- Reward clawback for refunds/chargebacks
- Manual review for suspicious patterns
Structural:
- Require referred user to take meaningful action
- Cap lifetime rewards
- Pay rewards in product credit (less attractive to fraudsters)
Tools & Platforms
Referral Program Tools
Full-featured platforms:
- ReferralCandy — E-commerce focused
- Ambassador — Enterprise referral programs
- Friendbuy — E-commerce and subscription
- GrowSurf — SaaS and tech companies
- Viral Loops — Template-based campaigns
Built-in options:
- Stripe (basic referral tracking)
- HubSpot (CRM-integrated)
- Segment (tracking and analytics)
Affiliate Program Tools
Affiliate networks:
- ShareASale — Large merchant network
- Impact — Enterprise partnerships
- PartnerStack — SaaS focused
- Tapfiliate — Simple SaaS affiliate tracking
- FirstPromoter — SaaS affiliate management
Self-hosted:
- Rewardful — Stripe-integrated affiliates
- Refersion — E-commerce affiliates
Choosing a Tool
Consider:
- Integration with your payment system
- Fraud detection capabilities
- Payout management
- Reporting and analytics
- Customization options
- Price vs. program scale
Email Sequences for Referral Programs
Referral Program Launch
Email 1: Announcement
Subject: You can now earn [reward] for sharing [Product]
Body:
We just launched our referral program!
Share [Product] with friends and earn [reward] for each person who signs up. They get [their reward] too.
[Unique referral link]
Here's how it works:
1. Share your link
2. Friend signs up
3. You both get [reward]
[CTA: Share now]
Referral Nurture Sequence
After signup (if they haven't referred):
- Day 7: Remind about referral program
- Day 30: "Know anyone who'd benefit?"
- Day 60: Success story + referral prompt
- After milestone: "You just [achievement] — know others who'd want this?"
Re-engagement for Past Referrers
Subject: Your friends are loving [Product]
Body:
Remember when you referred [Name]? They've [achievement/milestone].
Know anyone else who'd benefit? You'll earn [reward] for each friend who joins.
[Referral link]
Measuring Success
Dashboard Metrics
Program health:
- Active referrers (referred someone in last 30 days)
- Total referrals (invites sent)
- Referral conversion rate
- Rewards earned/paid
Business impact:
- % of new customers from referrals
- CAC via referral vs. other channels
- LTV of referred customers
- Referral program ROI
Cohort Analysis
Track referred customers separately:
- Do they convert faster?
- Do they have higher LTV?
- Do they refer others at higher rates?
- Do they churn less?
Typical findings:
- Referred customers have 16-25% higher LTV
- Referred customers have 18-37% lower churn
- Referred customers refer others at 2-3x rate
Launch Checklist
Before Launch
Launch
Post-Launch (First 30 Days)
Questions to Ask
If you need more context:
- What type of program are you building (referral, affiliate, or both)?
- What's your customer LTV and current CAC?
- Do you have an existing program, or starting from scratch?
- What tools/platforms are you using or considering?
- What's your budget for rewards/commissions?
- Is your product naturally shareable (involves others, visible results)?
Related Skills
- launch-strategy: For launching referral program effectively
- email-sequence: For referral nurture campaigns
- marketing-psychology: For understanding referral motivation
- analytics-tracking: For tracking referral attribution
- pricing-strategy: For structuring rewards relative to LTV
When to Use
This skill is applicable to execute the workflow or actions described in the overview.
Limitations
- Use this skill only when the task clearly matches the scope described above.
- Do not treat the output as a substitute for environment-specific validation, testing, or expert review.
- Stop and ask for clarification if required inputs, permissions, safety boundaries, or success criteria are missing.