debug

debug

Purpose

Root cause analysis ONLY. Debug investigates — it does NOT fix. It traces errors through code, analyzes stack traces, forms and tests hypotheses, and identifies the exact cause before handing off to rune:fix.

Do NOT fix the code. Debug investigates only. Any code change is out of scope. If root cause cannot be identified after 3 hypothesis cycles: - Emit `agent.stuck` signal — `scout` zoom-out mode surfaces broader module map (structural pivot); `adversary` oracle-mode dispatches a stateless second-model pass (semantic pivot); both fire in parallel - If `oracle.response` arrives with confidence=high and cites file:line, treat as new hypothesis H_oracle and test directly (skip 3-cycle gate — it's externally validated) - Otherwise, escalate to `rune:problem-solver` for structured 5-Whys or Fishbone analysis - Or escalate to `rune:sequential-thinking` for multi-variable analysis - Report escalation in the Debug Report with all evidence gathered so far

Triggers

• Called by cook when implementation hits unexpected errors
• Called by test when a test fails with unclear reason
• Called by fix when root cause is unclear before fixing
• /rune debug <issue> — manual debugging
• Auto-trigger: when error output contains stack trace or error code

Calls (outbound)

• scout (L2): find related code, trace imports, identify affected modules
• fix (L2): when root cause found, hand off with diagnosis for fix application
• brainstorm (L2): 3-Fix Escalation when root cause is "wrong approach" — invoke with mode="rescue" for category-diverse alternatives
• plan (L2): 3-Fix Escalation when root cause is "wrong module design" — invoke for redesign
• docs-seeker (L3): lookup API docs for unclear errors or deprecated APIs
• problem-solver (L3): structured reasoning (5 Whys, Fishbone) for complex bugs
• browser-pilot (L3): capture browser console errors, network failures, visual bugs
• sequential-thinking (L3): multi-variable root cause analysis
• neural-memory (L3): after root cause found — capture error pattern for future recognition
• adversary (L2): on agent.stuck — oracle-mode dispatches stateless second-model pass to break confirmation-bias loop (parallel with scout zoom-out)

Called By (inbound)

• cook (L1): implementation hits bug during Phase 4
• fix (L2): root cause unclear, can't fix blindly — needs diagnosis first
• test (L2): test fails unexpectedly, unclear why
• surgeon (L2): diagnose issues in legacy modules

Cross-Hub Connections

• debug ↔ fix — bidirectional: debug finds cause → fix applies, fix can't determine cause → debug investigates
• debug ← test — test fails → debug investigates

Execution

Step 0: Build a Feedback Loop (the actual skill)

The loop is the speed limit. A fast, deterministic, agent-runnable pass/fail signal turns debugging into mechanical bisection. Without one, hypotheses just consume noise.

Skip Step 0 only if the existing repro is already one command, deterministic, and runs in < 5s.

Otherwise, before Step 1: pick the highest viable rung from references/feedback-loop-ladder.md (10-rank ladder: failing test → curl → CLI snapshot → headless browser → trace replay → throwaway harness → fuzz → bisection → differential → HITL script). Construct it. Verify it currently FAILS (proves it measures the bug, not noise). Only then proceed.

If loop construction takes > 10 minutes, that itself is the diagnosis: the bug surface is too large or the system too coupled. Trigger the 3-Fix Escalation Rule (Step 6) — architecture is the problem, not the bug.

Step 1: Reproduce

Understand and confirm the error described in the request.

• Read the error message, stack trace, and reproduction steps
• Identify which environment it occurs in (dev/prod, browser/server)
• Confirm the error is consistent and reproducible before proceeding
• If no reproduction steps provided, ask for them or attempt the most likely path

Step 1.5: Scope Lock (Edit Boundary)

After reproducing the error, lock edits to the narrowest affected directory to prevent debug-driven scope creep — the #1 source of "while I'm here, let me also fix..." violations.

1. Identify the narrowest directory containing the affected files (from stack trace or error location)
2. Announce to user: "Debug scope locked to <dir>/. Changes will be restricted to this area."
3. Any fix recommendation in the Debug Report MUST reference only files within this boundary
4. If root cause traces outside the boundary → expand scope with user confirmation first

Skip conditions (do NOT lock):

• Bug spans the entire repo (3+ unrelated directories in stack trace)
• Cannot determine affected area from initial evidence
• User explicitly says "investigate everything"

Why: Debugging naturally expands scope as you trace root causes. Without a boundary, rune:fix receives recommendations touching 10+ files across unrelated modules. The scope lock forces discipline: fix at the source, not at every symptom site.

Step 2: Gather Evidence

Use tools to collect facts — do NOT guess yet.

• Use Grep to search codebase for the exact error string or related error codes
• Use Read to examine stack trace files, log files, or the specific file:line mentioned
• Use Glob to find related files (config, types, tests) that may be involved
• Use rune:browser-pilot if the issue is UI-related (console errors, network failures, visual bugs)
• Use rune:scout to trace imports and identify all modules touched by the affected code path

Backward Tracing (for deep stack errors)

When the error appears deep in execution (wrong directory, wrong path, wrong value):

1. Observe symptom — what's the exact error and where does it appear?
2. Find immediate cause — what code directly triggers this? Read that file:line
3. What called this? — trace one level up. What value was passed? By whom?
4. Keep tracing up — repeat until you find where the bad value ORIGINATES
5. Fix at source — the root cause is where invalid data is CREATED, not where it CRASHES

Rule: NEVER fix where the error appears. Trace back to where invalid data originated.

Instrumentation Tip: Use console.error, Not Loggers

When adding diagnostic instrumentation, use console.error() (stderr) — NOT application loggers. Loggers are configured to suppress output based on log level or environment (e.g., LOG_LEVEL=warn silences logger.debug). console.error bypasses all logger configuration and writes directly to stderr. This is counterintuitive but critical — the one time you NEED debug output is exactly when loggers are configured to hide it.

Defense-in-Depth (After Root Cause Found)

When the root cause is invalid data flowing through multiple layers, recommend fixing at ALL layers — not just the source:

Layer	Purpose	Example
Layer 1: Entry Point	Reject invalid input at API/CLI boundary	Validate not empty, exists, correct type
Layer 2: Business Logic	Ensure data makes sense for the operation	Validate required params before processing
Layer 3: Environment Guards	Prevent dangerous operations in specific contexts	Refuse destructive ops outside allowed dirs
Layer 4: Debug Instrumentation	Capture context for forensics	Stack trace logging before dangerous operations

All four layers are necessary. During testing, each layer catches bugs the others miss — different code paths bypass single validation points. When recommending a fix via rune:fix, explicitly call out which layers need validation added.

Multi-Component Instrumentation (for systems with 3+ layers)

When the system has multiple components (CI → build → deploy, API → service → DB):

Before hypothesizing, add diagnostic logging at EACH component boundary:

• Log what data ENTERS each component
• Log what data EXITS each component
• Verify environment/config propagation across boundaries
• Run once → analyze logs → identify WHICH boundary fails → THEN hypothesize

This reveals: "secrets reach workflow ✓, workflow reaches build ✗" — pinpoints the failing layer.

Step 2b: Instrument with Preserved Markers

When adding diagnostic logging or instrumentation during investigation, mark ALL additions with region markers:

// #region agent-debug — [hypothesis being tested]
console.log('[DEBUG] value at boundary:', data);
// #endregion agent-debug

Language-appropriate equivalents:

• Python: # region agent-debug / # endregion agent-debug
• Rust: // region agent-debug / // endregion agent-debug

Why preserved markers matter:

• rune:fix will preserve these markers until the bug is fully resolved and tests pass
• If the bug recurs, markers show exactly what was previously instrumented
• Cleaning up debug traces before the fix is verified prevents learning from failure history
• After fix is verified + tests pass → fix will clean up markers in a final pass

ALL diagnostic code added during debug MUST be wrapped in `#region agent-debug` markers. Unmarked instrumentation will be treated as stray code and removed prematurely.

Step 2c: Check Debug Knowledge Base

Before forming hypotheses, check .rune/debug/knowledge-base.md:

• If file exists → search for matching symptoms/error messages
• If match found → try known fix FIRST, skip hypothesis cycle
• If no match → proceed to Step 3

After successful root cause identification (Step 5), append entry:

### [date] — [symptom summary]
- **Symptom**: [error message or behavior]
- **Root Cause**: [what was actually wrong]
- **Fix**: [what resolved it]
- **Files**: [affected files]

This prevents re-debugging the same issue across sessions.

Step 2d: Known Error Pattern Matching

Before forming hypotheses, match the error against common error archetypes. If a match is found, skip directly to the known fix approach — no hypothesis cycling needed.

Error Pattern Catalog:

Pattern ID	Detection (Error Type + Keywords)	Root Cause	Recovery Hint
STATELESS_LOSS	NameError / ReferenceError + variable defined in previous step	Execution context doesn't persist between tool calls	"Combine all variable definitions and usage in a single code block"
MODULE_NOT_FOUND	ModuleNotFoundError / Cannot find module	Dependency not installed or wrong import path	"Check package.json/requirements.txt. Install missing dep, then retry"
TYPE_MISMATCH	TypeError + "undefined is not a function" / "has no attribute"	Wrong type passed through chain — object where primitive expected or vice versa	"Trace the value backward: where was it created? What type was intended?"
ASYNC_DEADLOCK	TimeoutError / Promise + hang / await missing	Async/await misuse — missing await, blocking in async, unresolved promise	"Check: missing await? Blocking call in async context? Unresolved promise chain?"
PATH_MISMATCH	ENOENT / FileNotFoundError + path string in error	Relative vs absolute path, or CWD differs from expected	"Print resolved path. Check CWD. Use path.resolve() or Path.resolve()"
ENCODING_ISSUE	UnicodeDecodeError / SyntaxError + quotes/special chars	Non-ASCII characters in code or data (curly quotes, BOM, etc.)	"Check for smart quotes, BOM markers, or non-ASCII in the file. Use file command to check encoding"
ENV_MISSING	KeyError / "undefined" + env var name	Environment variable not set or .env not loaded	"Check .env file exists and is loaded. Verify var name matches exactly (case-sensitive)"
CIRCULAR_IMPORT	ImportError + "partially initialized" / "circular"	Module A imports B imports A	"Restructure: move shared types to a third module, or use lazy imports"

Matching rules:

• Match on error type + 2+ keywords from the Detection column
• If matched: report the pattern ID and recovery hint in the Debug Report, then proceed to test the known fix approach as H1 (highest priority hypothesis)
• If NOT matched: proceed to Step 3 (form hypotheses from scratch)

Error fingerprinting: When comparing errors across hypothesis cycles, normalize these elements before comparison:

• Line numbers → <LINE>
• File paths → <PATH>
• Variable/function names → <IDENT>
• Timestamps → <TIME>

Two errors with the same fingerprint after normalization are the SAME error — don't re-investigate, the previous hypothesis result still applies.

Catalog growth: After each successful debug (Step 5), check: does this error pattern match any existing catalog entry? If not, and the root cause is generalizable (not project-specific), suggest adding it to the catalog via a note in the Debug Report: "New pattern candidate: [pattern] — consider adding to error catalog."

Step 3: Form Hypotheses

List exactly 2-3 possible root causes — no more, no fewer.

• Each hypothesis must be specific (name the file, function, or line if possible)
• Order by likelihood (most likely first)
• Format:
  • H1: [specific hypothesis — file/function/pattern]
  • H2: [specific hypothesis]
  • H3: [specific hypothesis]

Step 4: Test Hypotheses

Test each hypothesis systematically using tools.

• Use Read to inspect the suspected file/function for each hypothesis
• Use Bash to run targeted tests: a single failing test, a type check, a linter on the file
• Use rune:browser-pilot for UI hypotheses (inspect DOM, network, console)
• For each hypothesis: mark CONFIRMED / RULED OUT with evidence
• If all 3 hypotheses are ruled out → go back to Step 2 to gather more evidence
• Maximum 3 hypothesis cycles. If still unresolved after 3 cycles → escalate (see Hard-Gate)

Step 5: Identify Root Cause

Narrow to the single actual cause.

• State the confirmed hypothesis and the exact evidence that proves it
• Identify the specific file, line number, and code construct responsible
• Note any contributing factors (environment, data, timing, config)

Step 5b: Capture Error Pattern

Call neural-memory (Capture Mode) to save the error pattern: root cause, symptoms, and fix approach. Tag with [project-name, error, technology].

Step 6: 3-Fix Escalation Rule

If the SAME bug has been "fixed" 3 times and keeps returning: 1. STOP fixing. The bug is not the problem — the ARCHITECTURE is. 2. **Classify the failure**: - **Same category of blocker each time** (e.g., API doesn't support X, platform limitation) → the APPROACH is wrong, not just the code - **Different bugs each time** (e.g., race condition, then null pointer, then type error) → the MODULE needs redesign 3. **Route based on classification**: - Approach is wrong → Escalate to `rune:brainstorm(mode="rescue")` for category-diverse alternatives - Module needs redesign → Escalate to `rune:plan` for redesign of the affected module 4. Report all 3 fix attempts and why each failed in the escalation. "Try a 4th fix" is NOT acceptable. After 3 failures, question the design OR the approach.

Track fix attempts in the Debug Report. If this is attempt N>1 for the same symptom:

• Reference previous fix attempts and their outcomes
• Explain why the previous fix didn't hold
• If N=3: trigger the escalation gate above — classify and route accordingly

3+ Fixes as Architectural Signal

From superpowers (obra/superpowers, 84k★): "Each fix revealing new problems elsewhere = structural issue, not a bug hunt."

When 3+ distinct fixes fail (not retries of the same fix), STOP treating it as a bug:

Signal	Interpretation	Next Step
Same blocker each time (API limit, platform gap)	Wrong approach	brainstorm(mode="rescue") — need fundamentally different path
Different bugs each fix (null → race → type)	Wrong architecture	plan redesign — module has structural problems
Each fix creates a new bug elsewhere	Tight coupling	The module boundary is wrong — need to redraw boundaries before fixing
Fix works locally but fails in integration	Missing contract	Cross-module interface is undefined — add explicit contracts first

Key insight: After 3 failures, question the DESIGN, not the CODE. "Try harder" is never the right answer at this point.

Step 7: Report

Produce structured output and hand off to rune:fix.

• Write the Debug Report (see Output Format below)
• Call rune:fix with the full report if fix is needed
• Do NOT apply any code changes — report only

Analysis Paralysis Guard

Debug is read-heavy by nature — but there are limits.

After Step 4 (Test Hypotheses): if NO hypothesis is confirmed after 3 cycles of Steps 2-4, you MUST stop and escalate. Do NOT start cycle 4. Report all evidence gathered and escalate to problem-solver or sequential-thinking.

Within any single step: 5+ consecutive Read/Grep calls without forming or testing a hypothesis = stuck. Stop reading, form a hypothesis from what you have, and test it. Incomplete hypotheses that get tested are better than perfect hypotheses that never form.

Hash-Based Evidence Loop Detection

Beyond counting reads, detect when debug is re-gathering the same evidence without progress — the most common debug-specific stuck pattern.

Detection signals (track mentally across hypothesis cycles):

Signal	Count	Meaning	Action
Reading the same file:line range in different cycles	2x	Re-examining without new lens	Form hypothesis from existing evidence NOW
Running the same test command with same failure output	3x	No code changed between runs	STOP — hand off to fix with current diagnosis, even if incomplete
Grepping the same error string after already finding all occurrences	2x	Hoping for different results	Evidence is complete — move to Step 3 (hypothesize)
Same hypothesis tested with same evidence across cycles	2x	Circular reasoning	Mark hypothesis INCONCLUSIVE, try a DIFFERENT hypothesis category

Hypothesis category diversity rule: If H1 (cycle 1) was "wrong input data" and it was RULED OUT, H1 (cycle 2) MUST be from a DIFFERENT category:

Category	Examples
Data	Wrong value, missing field, type mismatch, encoding
Control Flow	Wrong branch, missing guard, race condition, async ordering
Environment	Wrong config, missing env var, version mismatch, path issue
State	Stale cache, mutation side-effect, leaked reference, dangling connection

Red Flags — STOP and Return to Step 2

If you catch yourself thinking any of these, you are GUESSING, not debugging:

• "Quick fix for now, investigate later"
• "Just try changing X and see if it works"
• "It's probably X, let me fix that"
• "I don't fully understand but this might work"
• "Here are the main problems: [lists fixes without investigation]"
• Proposing solutions before tracing data flow
• "One more fix attempt" (when already tried 2+)
• "Let me read one more file before forming a hypothesis" (after 5+ reads)

ALL of these mean: STOP. Return to Step 2 (Gather Evidence).

Constraints

1. MUST NOT apply any code changes — debug investigates only, fix applies
2. MUST reproduce the error before forming hypotheses — no guessing from error messages alone
3. MUST gather evidence (file reads, grep, stack traces) before hypothesizing
4. MUST form exactly 2-3 hypotheses, ordered by likelihood — no more, no fewer
5. MUST mark each hypothesis CONFIRMED or RULED OUT with specific evidence
6. MUST NOT exceed 3 hypothesis cycles — escalate to problem-solver or sequential-thinking
7. MUST NOT say "I know what's wrong" without citing file:line evidence
8. For deep stack errors: MUST use backward tracing (Step 2) — never fix at the crash site
9. For multi-component systems: MUST instrument boundaries before hypothesizing
10. MUST run Step 0 (Build Feedback Loop) before forming hypotheses on non-trivial bugs — skipping the loop = guessing

Output Format

## Debug Report
- **Error**: [error message]
- **Status**: DONE | DONE_WITH_CONCERNS | NEEDS_CONTEXT | BLOCKED
- **Severity**: critical | high | medium | low
- **Confidence**: high | medium | low
- **Fix Attempt**: [1/2/3 — track recurring bugs]

### Root Cause
[Detailed explanation of what's causing the error]

### Location
- `path/to/file.ts:42` — [description of the problematic code]

### Evidence
1. [observation supporting diagnosis]
2. [observation supporting diagnosis]

### Previous Fix Attempts (if any)
- Attempt 1: [what was tried] → [why it didn't hold]
- Attempt 2: [what was tried] → [why it didn't hold]

### Concerns (if DONE_WITH_CONCERNS)
- [concern]: [impact assessment] — [suggested remediation]

### Context Needed (if NEEDS_CONTEXT)
- [what is unknown]: [why it blocks diagnosis] — [two most likely answers]

### Suggested Fix
[Description of what needs to change — no code, just direction]
[If attempt 3: "ESCALATION: 3-fix rule triggered. Recommending redesign via rune:plan."]

### Related Code
- `path/to/related.ts` — [why it's relevant]

Status Protocol (Subagent Contract)

Debug returns one of four statuses to its caller (cook, fix, test, surgeon). The caller uses this to route next actions.

Status	When	Example
DONE	Root cause identified with high confidence, ready for fix	Clear diagnosis with file:line evidence
DONE_WITH_CONCERNS	Root cause found but diagnosis has caveats	"Likely race condition but cannot reproduce consistently — fix may need retry logic"
NEEDS_CONTEXT	Cannot diagnose without more info — missing repro steps, env details, or access	"Error only occurs in production — need prod logs or env variables to continue"
BLOCKED	Exhausted 3 hypothesis cycles, escalation triggered	"3 cycles completed, no confirmed root cause — escalating to problem-solver"

Returns

Artifact	Format	Location
Debug Report	Markdown (inline)	Emitted to calling skill (cook, fix, test, surgeon)
Root cause + location	Inline (Debug Report)	Specific file:line with evidence
Fix recommendation	Inline (Debug Report)	Direction only — no code changes
Debug knowledge base entry	Markdown	.rune/debug/knowledge-base.md (appended on success)

Chain Metadata

Append to Debug Report when invoked standalone. Suppress when called as sub-skill inside an L1 orchestrator (cook, team, etc.) — the orchestrator emits a consolidated block. See docs/references/chain-metadata.md.

chain_metadata:
  skill: "rune:debug"
  version: "1.2.0"
  status: "[DONE | DONE_WITH_CONCERNS | NEEDS_CONTEXT | BLOCKED]"
  domain: "[area debugged]"
  files_changed: []  # debug never changes files
  exports:
    root_cause: { file: "[path]", line: [N], explanation: "[cause]" }
    severity: "[critical | high | medium | low]"
    confidence: "[high | medium | low]"
    fix_recommendation: "[direction for fix skill]"
  suggested_next:
    - skill: "rune:fix"
      reason: "[grounded in root cause — e.g., 'Critical race condition found in auth.ts:42']"
      consumes: ["root_cause", "fix_recommendation"]

Sharp Edges

Failure Mode	Severity	Mitigation
Forming hypothesis from error message alone without evidence	HIGH	Evidence-first rule: read files and grep logs BEFORE hypothesizing
Modifying code while "investigating"	CRITICAL	HARD-GATE: any code change during debug = out of scope — hand off to fix
Marking hypothesis CONFIRMED without file:line proof	HIGH	CONFIRMED requires specific evidence cited — "it makes sense" is not evidence
Exceeding 3 hypothesis cycles without escalation	MEDIUM	After 3 cycles: escalate to rune:problem-solver or rune:sequential-thinking
Same bug "fixed" 3+ times without questioning architecture	CRITICAL	3-Fix Escalation Rule: classify failure → same blocker category = brainstorm(rescue), different bugs = plan redesign
Escalating to plan when the APPROACH is wrong (not the module)	HIGH	If all 3 fixes hit the same category of blocker (API limit, platform gap), the approach needs pivoting via brainstorm(rescue), not re-planning
Not tracking fix attempt number for recurring bugs	HIGH	Debug Report MUST include Fix Attempt counter — enables escalation gate
Adding instrumentation without region markers	MEDIUM	All debug logging MUST use #region agent-debug — unmarked code gets cleaned up prematurely by fix
Re-reading same file:line in different hypothesis cycles	HIGH	Hash-based evidence loop: if same evidence gathered 2x, form hypothesis from existing data — don't re-gather
Same hypothesis category across cycles after RULED OUT	HIGH	Hypothesis category diversity: if "data" ruled out in cycle 1, cycle 2 must try "control flow", "environment", or "state"
Running same test 3x with same failure without code change	MEDIUM	True stuck loop — no progress possible. Hand off to fix with current incomplete diagnosis
Scope creep via debug — "while investigating, also fix X"	HIGH	Step 1.5 Scope Lock: lock edits to narrowest affected directory. Fix recommendations MUST stay within boundary. Expand only with user confirmation
Debug report recommends touching 5+ unrelated files	HIGH	Symptom of fixing at crash sites instead of source. Backward trace (Step 2) to find origin. If truly 5+ files → likely architectural issue → escalate via 3-Fix Rule
Re-investigating known error patterns from scratch	MEDIUM	Step 2d: match error against Known Error Pattern Catalog first — skip hypothesis cycling for recognized patterns
Same error fingerprint across cycles treated as different errors	MEDIUM	Step 2d: normalize line numbers, paths, variable names before comparison — same fingerprint = same error
Forming hypotheses with a slow / non-deterministic / manual repro	CRITICAL	Step 0: build a fast deterministic pass/fail signal first — see references/feedback-loop-ladder.md 10-rank ladder. Hypothesis testing on a slow loop wastes 10x the cycles
Skipping loop construction "to save time" on non-trivial bugs	HIGH	The loop IS the time-saver. 10 min on the loop saves hours of cycling. If construction takes > 10 min, escalate via 3-Fix Rule — bug is architectural

Done When

• Error reproduced (not assumed) with specific reproduction steps documented
• 2-3 hypotheses formed, each marked CONFIRMED or RULED OUT with file:line evidence
• Root cause identified at specific file:line
• Structured Debug Report emitted with 4-state status
• If DONE_WITH_CONCERNS: caveats documented with impact assessment
• If NEEDS_CONTEXT: specific questions + two likely answers provided
• If BLOCKED: all 3 hypothesis cycles documented + escalation target identified
• No code changes made — rune:fix called with the report if fix is needed

Cost Profile

~2000-5000 tokens input, ~500-1500 tokens output. Sonnet for code analysis quality. May escalate to opus for deeply complex bugs.

Scope guardrail: Do not apply code changes or expand investigation beyond the locked scope directory unless explicitly delegated by the parent agent.