languages-frameworks

Languages & Frameworks Skill

Quick Reference

Goal	Primary	Alternative	Learning Time
Web Backend	Python	JavaScript	2-3 months
AI/ML	Python	-	3-6 months
Systems	Go	Rust	2-4 months
Enterprise	Java	C#	4-6 months
Android	Kotlin	-	3-4 months
iOS	Swift	-	3-4 months

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2025 Language Rankings

Tier 1: Highest Demand

Language	TIOBE	Use Cases	Ecosystem
Python	#1	AI/ML, Web, Automation	Excellent
JavaScript	#6	Full-stack Web	Excellent
TypeScript	#7	Large-scale Apps	Excellent
Java	#4	Enterprise	Excellent

Tier 2: Growing Demand

Language	TIOBE	Use Cases	Ecosystem
Go	#8	Cloud, DevOps	Good
Rust	#14	Systems, WASM	Growing
Kotlin	#18	Android, Server	Good

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Framework Selection

Frontend (2025)

Framework	Best For	Learning	Bundle
React 19	Large apps	Medium	42kb
Vue 3	Simplicity	Easy	34kb
Svelte 5	Performance	Easy	2kb
Angular 18	Enterprise	Hard	90kb

Backend (2025)

Framework	Language	Best For	Perf
FastAPI	Python	ML APIs	Good
NestJS	TypeScript	Enterprise	Good
Gin	Go	Performance	Excellent
Spring Boot	Java	Enterprise	Good

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Decision Flowchart

What are you building?
│
├─► Web app (startup)
│   └─► Python + FastAPI OR TypeScript + NestJS
│
├─► Web app (enterprise)
│   └─► Java + Spring Boot OR TypeScript + NestJS
│
├─► AI/ML application
│   └─► Python (no alternatives match ecosystem)
│
├─► High-performance API
│   └─► Go + Gin OR Rust + Actix
│
├─► Mobile app
│   ├─► iOS only → Swift
│   ├─► Android only → Kotlin
│   └─► Cross-platform → Flutter (Dart)
│
└─► CLI/Systems tool
    └─► Go (simpler) OR Rust (safer)

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Ecosystem Essentials

Language	Package Mgr	Formatter	Linter	Testing
Python	uv, pip	ruff	ruff	pytest
JavaScript	pnpm	prettier	eslint	vitest
Go	go mod	gofmt	golangci-lint	go test
Rust	cargo	rustfmt	clippy	cargo test
Java	maven	google-java-format	spotbugs	junit

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Learning Timelines

Language	Basics	Productive	Expert
Python	2 wk	2 mo	1+ yr
JavaScript	3 wk	3 mo	1+ yr
TypeScript	2 wk*	1 mo*	6+ mo*
Go	2 wk	2 mo	6 mo
Rust	2 mo	6 mo	2+ yr
Java	1 mo	4 mo	1+ yr

*Assumes JavaScript knowledge

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Troubleshooting

Can't decide between languages?
├─► Define end goal first (not "learn programming")
├─► Check team/company constraints
├─► Default: Python (most versatile) or TypeScript (web)
└─► Don't spend >1 day deciding

"Is X language dying?"
├─► PHP: NO - 77% of web, Laravel thriving
├─► Java: NO - #4 TIOBE, enterprise standard
├─► Ruby: Stable niche, not growing
└─► Perl: Legacy only, avoid for new projects

Learning multiple languages?
├─► Master ONE language first (6+ months)
├─► Then learn opposite paradigm
├─► Max 2 deeply before broadening
└─► Breadth without depth = unemployable

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Common Failure Modes

Symptom	Root Cause	Recovery
Analysis paralysis	Too many options	Apply constraints, decide today
Chasing new frameworks	FOMO	Stick with 2+ year old tools
Wrong tool for job	Ignoring requirements	Revisit decision flowchart
Framework lock-in	Learned framework, not language	Go back to fundamentals

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Next Actions

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