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ssr-nextjs

MUI server-side rendering with Next.js — App Router, Pages Router, RSC compatibility, Emotion cache, and Pigment CSS

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The App Router requires a client-side ThemeRegistry component that flushes Emotion's

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Last CommitMar 28, 2026

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ssr-nextjs | mui-expert | ClaudePluginHub

Skill

ssr-nextjs

From mui-expert

MUI server-side rendering with Next.js — App Router, Pages Router, RSC compatibility, Emotion cache, and Pigment CSS

Install

npx claudepluginhub markus41/claude --plugin mui-expert

Tool Access

This skill is limited to using the following tools:

ReadGlobGrepBashWriteEdit

Preview

The App Router requires a client-side ThemeRegistry component that flushes Emotion's

SKILL.md

MUI SSR with Next.js

1. Next.js App Router Setup (v13+)

The App Router requires a client-side ThemeRegistry component that flushes Emotion's server-generated styles into the document head via useServerInsertedHTML.

ThemeRegistry client component

// src/components/ThemeRegistry/EmotionCache.tsx
'use client';

import * as React from 'react';
import createCache from '@emotion/cache';
import { useServerInsertedHTML } from 'next/navigation';
import { CacheProvider } from '@emotion/react';

export default function NextAppDirEmotionCacheProvider(
  props: { options: Parameters<typeof createCache>[0]; children: React.ReactNode }
) {
  const { options, children } = props;

  const [registry] = React.useState(() => {
    const cache = createCache(options);
    cache.compat = true;
    const prevInsert = cache.insert;
    let inserted: { name: string; isGlobal: boolean }[] = [];

    cache.insert = (...args) => {
      const [selector, serialized] = args;
      if (cache.inserted[serialized.name] === undefined) {
        inserted.push({
          name: serialized.name,
          isGlobal: !selector,
        });
      }
      return prevInsert(...args);
    };

    return { cache, flush: () => { const prev = inserted; inserted = []; return prev; } };
  });

  useServerInsertedHTML(() => {
    const names = registry.flush();
    if (names.length === 0) return null;

    let styles = '';
    let dataEmotionAttribute = registry.cache.key;
    const globals: { name: string; style: string }[] = [];

    for (const { name, isGlobal } of names) {
      const style = registry.cache.inserted[name];
      if (typeof style === 'string') {
        if (isGlobal) {
          globals.push({ name, style });
        } else {
          styles += style;
          dataEmotionAttribute += ` ${name}`;
        }
      }
    }

    return (
      <>
        {globals.map(({ name, style }) => (
          <style
            key={name}
            data-emotion={`${registry.cache.key}-global`}
            dangerouslySetInnerHTML={{ __html: style }}
          />
        ))}
        {styles && (
          <style
            data-emotion={dataEmotionAttribute}
            dangerouslySetInnerHTML={{ __html: styles }}
          />
        )}
      </>
    );
  });

  return <CacheProvider value={registry.cache}>{children}</CacheProvider>;
}

ThemeRegistry wrapper

// src/components/ThemeRegistry/ThemeRegistry.tsx
'use client';

import * as React from 'react';
import { ThemeProvider } from '@mui/material/styles';
import CssBaseline from '@mui/material/CssBaseline';
import NextAppDirEmotionCacheProvider from './EmotionCache';
import theme from './theme';

export default function ThemeRegistry({ children }: { children: React.ReactNode }) {
  return (
    <NextAppDirEmotionCacheProvider options={{ key: 'mui', prepend: true }}>
      <ThemeProvider theme={theme}>
        <CssBaseline />
        {children}
      </ThemeProvider>
    </NextAppDirEmotionCacheProvider>
  );
}

app/layout.tsx integration

// app/layout.tsx
import ThemeRegistry from '@/components/ThemeRegistry/ThemeRegistry';

export const metadata = {
  title: 'My App',
  description: 'MUI + Next.js App Router',
};

export default function RootLayout({ children }: { children: React.ReactNode }) {
  return (
    <html lang="en">
      <body>
        <ThemeRegistry>{children}</ThemeRegistry>
      </body>
    </html>
  );
}

Required dependencies

npm install @mui/material @emotion/react @emotion/styled @emotion/cache

2. Next.js Pages Router Setup

The Pages Router uses _document.tsx to extract critical CSS at render time and inject it into the initial HTML response.

createEmotionCache utility

// src/createEmotionCache.ts
import createCache from '@emotion/cache';

export default function createEmotionCache() {
  return createCache({ key: 'css', prepend: true });
}

_app.tsx with CacheProvider

// pages/_app.tsx
import * as React from 'react';
import Head from 'next/head';
import { AppProps } from 'next/app';
import { ThemeProvider } from '@mui/material/styles';
import CssBaseline from '@mui/material/CssBaseline';
import { CacheProvider, EmotionCache } from '@emotion/react';
import theme from '../src/theme';
import createEmotionCache from '../src/createEmotionCache';

// Client-side cache, shared for the whole session of the user in the browser.
const clientSideEmotionCache = createEmotionCache();

interface MyAppProps extends AppProps {
  emotionCache?: EmotionCache;
}

export default function MyApp(props: MyAppProps) {
  const { Component, emotionCache = clientSideEmotionCache, pageProps } = props;
  return (
    <CacheProvider value={emotionCache}>
      <Head>
        <meta name="viewport" content="initial-scale=1, width=device-width" />
      </Head>
      <ThemeProvider theme={theme}>
        <CssBaseline />
        <Component {...pageProps} />
      </ThemeProvider>
    </CacheProvider>
  );
}

_document.tsx with extractCriticalToChunks

// pages/_document.tsx
import * as React from 'react';
import Document, {
  Html,
  Head,
  Main,
  NextScript,
  DocumentProps,
  DocumentContext,
} from 'next/document';
import createEmotionServer from '@emotion/server/create-instance';
import { AppType } from 'next/app';
import theme from '../src/theme';
import createEmotionCache from '../src/createEmotionCache';

interface MyDocumentProps extends DocumentProps {
  emotionStyleTags: React.ReactElement[];
}

export default function MyDocument({ emotionStyleTags }: MyDocumentProps) {
  return (
    <Html lang="en">
      <Head>
        <meta name="theme-color" content={theme.palette.primary.main} />
        <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/favicon.ico" />
        {emotionStyleTags}
      </Head>
      <body>
        <Main />
        <NextScript />
      </body>
    </Html>
  );
}

MyDocument.getInitialProps = async (ctx: DocumentContext) => {
  const originalRenderPage = ctx.renderPage;
  const cache = createEmotionCache();
  const { extractCriticalToChunks } = createEmotionServer(cache);

  ctx.renderPage = () =>
    originalRenderPage({
      enhanceApp: (App: React.ComponentType<React.ComponentProps<AppType> & { emotionCache: ReturnType<typeof createEmotionCache> }>) =>
        function EnhanceApp(props) {
          return <App emotionCache={cache} {...props} />;
        },
    });

  const initialProps = await Document.getInitialProps(ctx);
  const emotionStyles = extractCriticalToChunks(initialProps.html);
  const emotionStyleTags = emotionStyles.styles.map((style) => (
    <style
      data-emotion={`${style.key} ${style.ids.join(' ')}`}
      key={style.key}
      dangerouslySetInnerHTML={{ __html: style.css }}
    />
  ));

  return {
    ...initialProps,
    emotionStyleTags,
  };
};

Additional dependency for Pages Router

npm install @emotion/server

3. Server Components Compatibility

MUI components do NOT work in React Server Components

Every MUI component uses React context (ThemeProvider), hooks (useTheme, useState), or event handlers. None of them can be rendered as RSC. Any file importing from @mui/material must include 'use client' at the top, or be imported from a file that does.

Client boundary patterns

Pattern 1: Thin client wrapper around server data

// app/users/page.tsx (Server Component — fetches data)
import UserTable from './UserTable';

export default async function UsersPage() {
  const users = await db.user.findMany(); // server-side data fetch
  return <UserTable users={users} />;     // pass plain data to client
}

// app/users/UserTable.tsx (Client Component — renders MUI)
'use client';

import {
  Table, TableBody, TableCell, TableContainer,
  TableHead, TableRow, Paper
} from '@mui/material';

interface User { id: string; name: string; email: string; }

export default function UserTable({ users }: { users: User[] }) {
  return (
    <TableContainer component={Paper}>
      <Table>
        <TableHead>
          <TableRow>
            <TableCell>Name</TableCell>
            <TableCell>Email</TableCell>
          </TableRow>
        </TableHead>
        <TableBody>
          {users.map((user) => (
            <TableRow key={user.id}>
              <TableCell>{user.name}</TableCell>
              <TableCell>{user.email}</TableCell>
            </TableRow>
          ))}
        </TableBody>
      </Table>
    </TableContainer>
  );
}

Pattern 2: Client island for interactive sections only

// app/dashboard/page.tsx (Server Component)
import DashboardStats from './DashboardStats';  // server-rendered plain HTML
import DashboardCharts from './DashboardCharts'; // 'use client' — interactive

export default async function DashboardPage() {
  const stats = await fetchStats();
  const chartData = await fetchChartData();

  return (
    <div>
      {/* Server-rendered: zero JS shipped for this section */}
      <DashboardStats stats={stats} />

      {/* Client boundary: MUI charts with interactivity */}
      <DashboardCharts data={chartData} />
    </div>
  );
}

Pattern 3: Re-export barrel for 'use client' boundary

// src/components/mui.tsx
'use client';

// Single 'use client' boundary for all MUI re-exports used across the app.
// Keeps individual page components clean.
export {
  Button,
  TextField,
  Dialog,
  DialogTitle,
  DialogContent,
  DialogActions,
  AppBar,
  Toolbar,
  Typography,
  Box,
  Container,
  Stack,
} from '@mui/material';

Where to place 'use client'

Push the 'use client' boundary as far down the component tree as possible. Server components at the top fetch data, client components at the leaves render UI.

app/
  layout.tsx          ← Server (ThemeRegistry is a 'use client' child)
  page.tsx            ← Server (fetches data, passes to client children)
  components/
    Header.tsx        ← 'use client' (uses MUI AppBar, needs onClick)
    Footer.tsx        ← Server (plain HTML, no MUI needed)
    DataTable.tsx     ← 'use client' (uses MUI DataGrid)

4. CSS Variables Mode for SSR (FOUC Prevention)

MUI v6+ supports CSS variables mode via cssVariables: true or Experimental_CssVarsProvider in v5. This eliminates the flash of unstyled content (FOUC) on page load because the color scheme is applied via a synchronous script before React hydrates.

Setup with getInitColorSchemeScript

// app/layout.tsx
import { getInitColorSchemeScript } from '@mui/material/styles';
import ThemeRegistry from '@/components/ThemeRegistry/ThemeRegistry';

export default function RootLayout({ children }: { children: React.ReactNode }) {
  return (
    <html lang="en" suppressHydrationWarning>
      <body>
        {/* This script runs synchronously before React hydrates.
            It reads localStorage/system preference and sets a data attribute
            on <html> so styles apply immediately — no FOUC. */}
        {getInitColorSchemeScript({ defaultMode: 'system' })}
        <ThemeRegistry>{children}</ThemeRegistry>
      </body>
    </html>
  );
}

Theme configuration for CSS variables mode

// src/theme.ts
import { createTheme } from '@mui/material/styles';

const theme = createTheme({
  cssVariables: {
    colorSchemeSelector: 'data-mui-color-scheme',
    // or 'class' to use className-based toggling
    // or 'media' to follow prefers-color-scheme only
  },
  colorSchemes: {
    light: {
      palette: {
        primary: { main: '#1976d2' },
        background: { default: '#fafafa', paper: '#fff' },
      },
    },
    dark: {
      palette: {
        primary: { main: '#90caf9' },
        background: { default: '#121212', paper: '#1e1e1e' },
      },
    },
  },
});

export default theme;

Toggle color scheme at runtime

'use client';

import { useColorScheme } from '@mui/material/styles';
import IconButton from '@mui/material/IconButton';
import Brightness4Icon from '@mui/icons-material/Brightness4';
import Brightness7Icon from '@mui/icons-material/Brightness7';

export default function ColorModeToggle() {
  const { mode, setMode } = useColorScheme();
  return (
    <IconButton
      onClick={() => setMode(mode === 'light' ? 'dark' : 'light')}
      aria-label="toggle color mode"
    >
      {mode === 'dark' ? <Brightness7Icon /> : <Brightness4Icon />}
    </IconButton>
  );
}

5. Pigment CSS with Next.js

Pigment CSS is MUI's zero-runtime CSS-in-JS solution. It extracts styles at build time, producing static CSS files. This means:

No Emotion runtime shipped to the browser
No useServerInsertedHTML or extractCriticalToChunks needed
Full RSC compatibility (styles are static, not context-dependent)

Installation

npm install @pigment-css/react @pigment-css/nextjs-plugin

next.config.mjs setup

// next.config.mjs
import { withPigment } from '@pigment-css/nextjs-plugin';

const nextConfig = {
  // your existing Next.js config
};

export default withPigment(nextConfig, {
  theme: {
    palette: {
      primary: { main: '#1976d2' },
      background: { default: '#fafafa' },
    },
    typography: {
      fontFamily: '"Roboto", "Helvetica", "Arial", sans-serif',
    },
    // Pigment CSS theme uses the same shape as createTheme
  },
  // Pigment-specific options:
  transformLibraries: ['@mui/material'],
  // Transforms MUI's styled() calls into static CSS at build time
});

Using Pigment CSS utilities directly

import { styled, css } from '@pigment-css/react';

// These are extracted at build time — zero runtime cost
const StyledCard = styled('div')(({ theme }) => ({
  padding: theme.spacing(2),
  backgroundColor: theme.palette.background.paper,
  borderRadius: theme.shape.borderRadius,
}));

// className-based utility
const highlightClass = css(({ theme }) => ({
  color: theme.palette.primary.main,
  fontWeight: 700,
}));

Pigment CSS vs Emotion SSR comparison

Aspect	Emotion SSR	Pigment CSS
Runtime JS	~12 kB gzipped	0 kB
SSR extraction	Required (extractCriticalToChunks / useServerInsertedHTML)	Not needed
RSC support	Needs 'use client' boundary	Works in server components
Dynamic styles	Full runtime support	Limited (CSS variables for dynamic values)
Build time	Normal	Slightly longer (extraction step)
MUI compatibility	All components	MUI v6+ with `@pigment-css/react`

6. Common SSR Pitfalls

Hydration mismatch from useMediaQuery

useMediaQuery uses window.matchMedia which does not exist on the server. By default, it returns false on the server. If the client evaluates true, you get a hydration mismatch.

Fix: provide ssrMatchMedia

import { createTheme, ThemeProvider } from '@mui/material/styles';
import useMediaQuery from '@mui/material/useMediaQuery';

// Server-side: pass the user-agent to approximate the device
function getServerTheme(userAgent: string) {
  return createTheme({
    components: {
      MuiUseMediaQuery: {
        defaultProps: {
          ssrMatchMedia: (query: string) => ({
            matches: mediaQuery.match(query, {
              // Provide a width matching the UA
              width: /mobile/i.test(userAgent) ? '0px' : '1024px',
            }),
          }),
        },
      },
    },
  });
}

Alternative: defer rendering until client

'use client';

import useMediaQuery from '@mui/material/useMediaQuery';

export default function ResponsiveComponent() {
  const isMobile = useMediaQuery('(max-width:600px)', {
    // Do not render on server — avoids mismatch entirely
    noSsr: true,
    // defaultMatches controls server-side return value
    defaultMatches: false,
  });

  return isMobile ? <MobileView /> : <DesktopView />;
}

Flash of unstyled content (FOUC) prevention checklist

Use prepend: true in Emotion cache so MUI styles are injected before other styles
Use getInitColorSchemeScript for dark/light mode (see section 4)
In Pages Router, ensure _document.tsx extracts critical CSS (see section 2)
In App Router, ensure useServerInsertedHTML flushes styles (see section 1)
Add suppressHydrationWarning to <html> when using color scheme scripts

Portal components (Dialog, Menu, Popper, Tooltip) and SSR

Portal components render into document.body via createPortal. On the server, document does not exist. MUI handles this internally by deferring portal mounting, but be aware:

Do not conditionally render portals based on server/client detection. MUI already does this. Extra checks cause hydration mismatches.
Use disablePortal if you need server-rendered content (e.g., for SEO in Dialog):

<Dialog open={open} disablePortal>
  <DialogTitle>Server-Rendered Dialog</DialogTitle>
  <DialogContent>This content is in the DOM tree, not a portal.</DialogContent>
</Dialog>

Menu/Autocomplete disablePortal keeps the dropdown in the DOM flow, avoiding SSR issues with portals but requiring careful z-index management.

Dynamic imports for heavy MUI X components

Large components like DataGrid, DatePicker, and Charts add significant bundle weight. Use next/dynamic to code-split them:

import dynamic from 'next/dynamic';

const DataGrid = dynamic(
  () => import('@mui/x-data-grid').then((mod) => mod.DataGrid),
  {
    loading: () => <Skeleton variant="rectangular" height={400} />,
    ssr: false, // DataGrid is interactive-only; skip SSR
  }
);

const DatePicker = dynamic(
  () => import('@mui/x-date-pickers/DatePicker').then((mod) => mod.DatePicker),
  {
    loading: () => <Skeleton variant="rectangular" width={300} height={56} />,
    ssr: false,
  }
);

When to use ssr: false:

Component is purely interactive (DataGrid, Charts)
Component relies heavily on browser APIs (DatePicker with locale)
Component is below the fold and not SEO-relevant

When to keep SSR enabled:

Content is above the fold and needs fast FCP
Content is SEO-relevant (product listings, article text)

7. Emotion Cache Configuration

prepend: true is critical

const cache = createCache({
  key: 'mui',
  prepend: true, // MUI styles go BEFORE other <style> tags
});

Without prepend: true, MUI styles may be overridden by global CSS or other libraries because of CSS source order. With prepend: true, MUI styles are inserted at the top of <head>, giving them lower specificity in the cascade and allowing your custom styles to win.

Cache key naming to avoid conflicts

If you have multiple Emotion caches (e.g., MUI + your own styled-components via Emotion), each must have a unique key:

// MUI cache
const muiCache = createCache({ key: 'mui', prepend: true });

// App-specific cache
const appCache = createCache({ key: 'app' });

The key is used as a prefix in generated class names (mui-1a2b3c, app-4d5e6f) and as the data-emotion attribute value on <style> tags. Duplicate keys cause style clobbering.

Per-request cache on server (not singleton)

On the server, create a new Emotion cache for every request. A singleton cache accumulates styles across requests and causes:

Memory leaks (styles from request A bleed into request B)
Wrong styles rendered (stale cache entries)
Increasing response sizes over time

// WRONG: singleton cache on server
const cache = createCache({ key: 'mui' }); // created once at module scope

// CORRECT: per-request cache
function handleRequest(req, res) {
  const cache = createCache({ key: 'mui' }); // fresh for each request
  // ... render with this cache
}

In the App Router, the useState initializer in NextAppDirEmotionCacheProvider (section 1) already ensures per-render cache creation because React creates a new component instance for each server render.

In the Pages Router, _document.tsx's getInitialProps creates a new cache per request (section 2).

Quick Reference: Which Setup Do I Need?

Setup	App Router (v13+)	Pages Router	Static Export
ThemeRegistry + useServerInsertedHTML	Required	N/A	Required
_document.tsx + extractCriticalToChunks	N/A	Required	N/A
getInitColorSchemeScript	Recommended	Recommended	Recommended
Pigment CSS	Alternative (replaces Emotion)	Alternative	Alternative
@emotion/cache with prepend	Required	Required	Required
@emotion/server	Not needed	Required	Not needed

Package Versions

These patterns apply to:

@mui/material v5.14+ and v6.x
next v13.4+ (App Router), v12+ (Pages Router)
@emotion/react v11.x, @emotion/cache v11.x
@pigment-css/react v0.0.x (early adoption, API may change)

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Stats

Parent Repo Stars9

Parent Repo Forks0

Last CommitMar 28, 2026

Actions

View Source View Plugin View on GitHub View README

MUI SSR with Next.js

1. Next.js App Router Setup (v13+)

The App Router requires a client-side ThemeRegistry component that flushes Emotion's server-generated styles into the document head via useServerInsertedHTML.

ThemeRegistry client component

// src/components/ThemeRegistry/EmotionCache.tsx
'use client';

import * as React from 'react';
import createCache from '@emotion/cache';
import { useServerInsertedHTML } from 'next/navigation';
import { CacheProvider } from '@emotion/react';

export default function NextAppDirEmotionCacheProvider(
  props: { options: Parameters<typeof createCache>[0]; children: React.ReactNode }
) {
  const { options, children } = props;

  const [registry] = React.useState(() => {
    const cache = createCache(options);
    cache.compat = true;
    const prevInsert = cache.insert;
    let inserted: { name: string; isGlobal: boolean }[] = [];

    cache.insert = (...args) => {
      const [selector, serialized] = args;
      if (cache.inserted[serialized.name] === undefined) {
        inserted.push({
          name: serialized.name,
          isGlobal: !selector,
        });
      }
      return prevInsert(...args);
    };

    return { cache, flush: () => { const prev = inserted; inserted = []; return prev; } };
  });

  useServerInsertedHTML(() => {
    const names = registry.flush();
    if (names.length === 0) return null;

    let styles = '';
    let dataEmotionAttribute = registry.cache.key;
    const globals: { name: string; style: string }[] = [];

    for (const { name, isGlobal } of names) {
      const style = registry.cache.inserted[name];
      if (typeof style === 'string') {
        if (isGlobal) {
          globals.push({ name, style });
        } else {
          styles += style;
          dataEmotionAttribute += ` ${name}`;
        }
      }
    }

    return (
      <>
        {globals.map(({ name, style }) => (
          <style
            key={name}
            data-emotion={`${registry.cache.key}-global`}
            dangerouslySetInnerHTML={{ __html: style }}
          />
        ))}
        {styles && (
          <style
            data-emotion={dataEmotionAttribute}
            dangerouslySetInnerHTML={{ __html: styles }}
          />
        )}
      </>
    );
  });

  return <CacheProvider value={registry.cache}>{children}</CacheProvider>;
}

ThemeRegistry wrapper

// src/components/ThemeRegistry/ThemeRegistry.tsx
'use client';

import * as React from 'react';
import { ThemeProvider } from '@mui/material/styles';
import CssBaseline from '@mui/material/CssBaseline';
import NextAppDirEmotionCacheProvider from './EmotionCache';
import theme from './theme';

export default function ThemeRegistry({ children }: { children: React.ReactNode }) {
  return (
    <NextAppDirEmotionCacheProvider options={{ key: 'mui', prepend: true }}>
      <ThemeProvider theme={theme}>
        <CssBaseline />
        {children}
      </ThemeProvider>
    </NextAppDirEmotionCacheProvider>
  );
}

app/layout.tsx integration

// app/layout.tsx
import ThemeRegistry from '@/components/ThemeRegistry/ThemeRegistry';

export const metadata = {
  title: 'My App',
  description: 'MUI + Next.js App Router',
};

export default function RootLayout({ children }: { children: React.ReactNode }) {
  return (
    <html lang="en">
      <body>
        <ThemeRegistry>{children}</ThemeRegistry>
      </body>
    </html>
  );
}

Required dependencies

npm install @mui/material @emotion/react @emotion/styled @emotion/cache

2. Next.js Pages Router Setup

The Pages Router uses _document.tsx to extract critical CSS at render time and inject it into the initial HTML response.

createEmotionCache utility

// src/createEmotionCache.ts
import createCache from '@emotion/cache';

export default function createEmotionCache() {
  return createCache({ key: 'css', prepend: true });
}

_app.tsx with CacheProvider

// pages/_app.tsx
import * as React from 'react';
import Head from 'next/head';
import { AppProps } from 'next/app';
import { ThemeProvider } from '@mui/material/styles';
import CssBaseline from '@mui/material/CssBaseline';
import { CacheProvider, EmotionCache } from '@emotion/react';
import theme from '../src/theme';
import createEmotionCache from '../src/createEmotionCache';

// Client-side cache, shared for the whole session of the user in the browser.
const clientSideEmotionCache = createEmotionCache();

interface MyAppProps extends AppProps {
  emotionCache?: EmotionCache;
}

export default function MyApp(props: MyAppProps) {
  const { Component, emotionCache = clientSideEmotionCache, pageProps } = props;
  return (
    <CacheProvider value={emotionCache}>
      <Head>
        <meta name="viewport" content="initial-scale=1, width=device-width" />
      </Head>
      <ThemeProvider theme={theme}>
        <CssBaseline />
        <Component {...pageProps} />
      </ThemeProvider>
    </CacheProvider>
  );
}

_document.tsx with extractCriticalToChunks

// pages/_document.tsx
import * as React from 'react';
import Document, {
  Html,
  Head,
  Main,
  NextScript,
  DocumentProps,
  DocumentContext,
} from 'next/document';
import createEmotionServer from '@emotion/server/create-instance';
import { AppType } from 'next/app';
import theme from '../src/theme';
import createEmotionCache from '../src/createEmotionCache';

interface MyDocumentProps extends DocumentProps {
  emotionStyleTags: React.ReactElement[];
}

export default function MyDocument({ emotionStyleTags }: MyDocumentProps) {
  return (
    <Html lang="en">
      <Head>
        <meta name="theme-color" content={theme.palette.primary.main} />
        <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/favicon.ico" />
        {emotionStyleTags}
      </Head>
      <body>
        <Main />
        <NextScript />
      </body>
    </Html>
  );
}

MyDocument.getInitialProps = async (ctx: DocumentContext) => {
  const originalRenderPage = ctx.renderPage;
  const cache = createEmotionCache();
  const { extractCriticalToChunks } = createEmotionServer(cache);

  ctx.renderPage = () =>
    originalRenderPage({
      enhanceApp: (App: React.ComponentType<React.ComponentProps<AppType> & { emotionCache: ReturnType<typeof createEmotionCache> }>) =>
        function EnhanceApp(props) {
          return <App emotionCache={cache} {...props} />;
        },
    });

  const initialProps = await Document.getInitialProps(ctx);
  const emotionStyles = extractCriticalToChunks(initialProps.html);
  const emotionStyleTags = emotionStyles.styles.map((style) => (
    <style
      data-emotion={`${style.key} ${style.ids.join(' ')}`}
      key={style.key}
      dangerouslySetInnerHTML={{ __html: style.css }}
    />
  ));

  return {
    ...initialProps,
    emotionStyleTags,
  };
};

Additional dependency for Pages Router

npm install @emotion/server

3. Server Components Compatibility

MUI components do NOT work in React Server Components

Client boundary patterns

Pattern 1: Thin client wrapper around server data

// app/users/page.tsx (Server Component — fetches data)
import UserTable from './UserTable';

export default async function UsersPage() {
  const users = await db.user.findMany(); // server-side data fetch
  return <UserTable users={users} />;     // pass plain data to client
}

// app/users/UserTable.tsx (Client Component — renders MUI)
'use client';

import {
  Table, TableBody, TableCell, TableContainer,
  TableHead, TableRow, Paper
} from '@mui/material';

interface User { id: string; name: string; email: string; }

export default function UserTable({ users }: { users: User[] }) {
  return (
    <TableContainer component={Paper}>
      <Table>
        <TableHead>
          <TableRow>
            <TableCell>Name</TableCell>
            <TableCell>Email</TableCell>
          </TableRow>
        </TableHead>
        <TableBody>
          {users.map((user) => (
            <TableRow key={user.id}>
              <TableCell>{user.name}</TableCell>
              <TableCell>{user.email}</TableCell>
            </TableRow>
          ))}
        </TableBody>
      </Table>
    </TableContainer>
  );
}

Pattern 2: Client island for interactive sections only

// app/dashboard/page.tsx (Server Component)
import DashboardStats from './DashboardStats';  // server-rendered plain HTML
import DashboardCharts from './DashboardCharts'; // 'use client' — interactive

export default async function DashboardPage() {
  const stats = await fetchStats();
  const chartData = await fetchChartData();

  return (
    <div>
      {/* Server-rendered: zero JS shipped for this section */}
      <DashboardStats stats={stats} />

      {/* Client boundary: MUI charts with interactivity */}
      <DashboardCharts data={chartData} />
    </div>
  );
}

Pattern 3: Re-export barrel for 'use client' boundary

// src/components/mui.tsx
'use client';

// Single 'use client' boundary for all MUI re-exports used across the app.
// Keeps individual page components clean.
export {
  Button,
  TextField,
  Dialog,
  DialogTitle,
  DialogContent,
  DialogActions,
  AppBar,
  Toolbar,
  Typography,
  Box,
  Container,
  Stack,
} from '@mui/material';

Where to place 'use client'

Push the 'use client' boundary as far down the component tree as possible. Server components at the top fetch data, client components at the leaves render UI.

app/
  layout.tsx          ← Server (ThemeRegistry is a 'use client' child)
  page.tsx            ← Server (fetches data, passes to client children)
  components/
    Header.tsx        ← 'use client' (uses MUI AppBar, needs onClick)
    Footer.tsx        ← Server (plain HTML, no MUI needed)
    DataTable.tsx     ← 'use client' (uses MUI DataGrid)

4. CSS Variables Mode for SSR (FOUC Prevention)

Setup with getInitColorSchemeScript

// app/layout.tsx
import { getInitColorSchemeScript } from '@mui/material/styles';
import ThemeRegistry from '@/components/ThemeRegistry/ThemeRegistry';

export default function RootLayout({ children }: { children: React.ReactNode }) {
  return (
    <html lang="en" suppressHydrationWarning>
      <body>
        {/* This script runs synchronously before React hydrates.
            It reads localStorage/system preference and sets a data attribute
            on <html> so styles apply immediately — no FOUC. */}
        {getInitColorSchemeScript({ defaultMode: 'system' })}
        <ThemeRegistry>{children}</ThemeRegistry>
      </body>
    </html>
  );
}

Theme configuration for CSS variables mode

// src/theme.ts
import { createTheme } from '@mui/material/styles';

const theme = createTheme({
  cssVariables: {
    colorSchemeSelector: 'data-mui-color-scheme',
    // or 'class' to use className-based toggling
    // or 'media' to follow prefers-color-scheme only
  },
  colorSchemes: {
    light: {
      palette: {
        primary: { main: '#1976d2' },
        background: { default: '#fafafa', paper: '#fff' },
      },
    },
    dark: {
      palette: {
        primary: { main: '#90caf9' },
        background: { default: '#121212', paper: '#1e1e1e' },
      },
    },
  },
});

export default theme;

Toggle color scheme at runtime

'use client';

import { useColorScheme } from '@mui/material/styles';
import IconButton from '@mui/material/IconButton';
import Brightness4Icon from '@mui/icons-material/Brightness4';
import Brightness7Icon from '@mui/icons-material/Brightness7';

export default function ColorModeToggle() {
  const { mode, setMode } = useColorScheme();
  return (
    <IconButton
      onClick={() => setMode(mode === 'light' ? 'dark' : 'light')}
      aria-label="toggle color mode"
    >
      {mode === 'dark' ? <Brightness7Icon /> : <Brightness4Icon />}
    </IconButton>
  );
}

5. Pigment CSS with Next.js

Pigment CSS is MUI's zero-runtime CSS-in-JS solution. It extracts styles at build time, producing static CSS files. This means:

No Emotion runtime shipped to the browser
No useServerInsertedHTML or extractCriticalToChunks needed
Full RSC compatibility (styles are static, not context-dependent)

Installation

npm install @pigment-css/react @pigment-css/nextjs-plugin

next.config.mjs setup

// next.config.mjs
import { withPigment } from '@pigment-css/nextjs-plugin';

const nextConfig = {
  // your existing Next.js config
};

export default withPigment(nextConfig, {
  theme: {
    palette: {
      primary: { main: '#1976d2' },
      background: { default: '#fafafa' },
    },
    typography: {
      fontFamily: '"Roboto", "Helvetica", "Arial", sans-serif',
    },
    // Pigment CSS theme uses the same shape as createTheme
  },
  // Pigment-specific options:
  transformLibraries: ['@mui/material'],
  // Transforms MUI's styled() calls into static CSS at build time
});

Using Pigment CSS utilities directly

import { styled, css } from '@pigment-css/react';

// These are extracted at build time — zero runtime cost
const StyledCard = styled('div')(({ theme }) => ({
  padding: theme.spacing(2),
  backgroundColor: theme.palette.background.paper,
  borderRadius: theme.shape.borderRadius,
}));

// className-based utility
const highlightClass = css(({ theme }) => ({
  color: theme.palette.primary.main,
  fontWeight: 700,
}));

Pigment CSS vs Emotion SSR comparison

Aspect	Emotion SSR	Pigment CSS
Runtime JS	~12 kB gzipped	0 kB
SSR extraction	Required (extractCriticalToChunks / useServerInsertedHTML)	Not needed
RSC support	Needs 'use client' boundary	Works in server components
Dynamic styles	Full runtime support	Limited (CSS variables for dynamic values)
Build time	Normal	Slightly longer (extraction step)
MUI compatibility	All components	MUI v6+ with `@pigment-css/react`

6. Common SSR Pitfalls

Hydration mismatch from useMediaQuery

useMediaQuery uses window.matchMedia which does not exist on the server. By default, it returns false on the server. If the client evaluates true, you get a hydration mismatch.

Fix: provide ssrMatchMedia

import { createTheme, ThemeProvider } from '@mui/material/styles';
import useMediaQuery from '@mui/material/useMediaQuery';

// Server-side: pass the user-agent to approximate the device
function getServerTheme(userAgent: string) {
  return createTheme({
    components: {
      MuiUseMediaQuery: {
        defaultProps: {
          ssrMatchMedia: (query: string) => ({
            matches: mediaQuery.match(query, {
              // Provide a width matching the UA
              width: /mobile/i.test(userAgent) ? '0px' : '1024px',
            }),
          }),
        },
      },
    },
  });
}

Alternative: defer rendering until client

'use client';

import useMediaQuery from '@mui/material/useMediaQuery';

export default function ResponsiveComponent() {
  const isMobile = useMediaQuery('(max-width:600px)', {
    // Do not render on server — avoids mismatch entirely
    noSsr: true,
    // defaultMatches controls server-side return value
    defaultMatches: false,
  });

  return isMobile ? <MobileView /> : <DesktopView />;
}

Flash of unstyled content (FOUC) prevention checklist

Use prepend: true in Emotion cache so MUI styles are injected before other styles
Use getInitColorSchemeScript for dark/light mode (see section 4)
In Pages Router, ensure _document.tsx extracts critical CSS (see section 2)
In App Router, ensure useServerInsertedHTML flushes styles (see section 1)
Add suppressHydrationWarning to <html> when using color scheme scripts

Portal components (Dialog, Menu, Popper, Tooltip) and SSR

Portal components render into document.body via createPortal. On the server, document does not exist. MUI handles this internally by deferring portal mounting, but be aware:

Do not conditionally render portals based on server/client detection. MUI already does this. Extra checks cause hydration mismatches.
Use disablePortal if you need server-rendered content (e.g., for SEO in Dialog):

<Dialog open={open} disablePortal>
  <DialogTitle>Server-Rendered Dialog</DialogTitle>
  <DialogContent>This content is in the DOM tree, not a portal.</DialogContent>
</Dialog>

Menu/Autocomplete disablePortal keeps the dropdown in the DOM flow, avoiding SSR issues with portals but requiring careful z-index management.

Dynamic imports for heavy MUI X components

Large components like DataGrid, DatePicker, and Charts add significant bundle weight. Use next/dynamic to code-split them:

import dynamic from 'next/dynamic';

const DataGrid = dynamic(
  () => import('@mui/x-data-grid').then((mod) => mod.DataGrid),
  {
    loading: () => <Skeleton variant="rectangular" height={400} />,
    ssr: false, // DataGrid is interactive-only; skip SSR
  }
);

const DatePicker = dynamic(
  () => import('@mui/x-date-pickers/DatePicker').then((mod) => mod.DatePicker),
  {
    loading: () => <Skeleton variant="rectangular" width={300} height={56} />,
    ssr: false,
  }
);

When to use ssr: false:

Component is purely interactive (DataGrid, Charts)
Component relies heavily on browser APIs (DatePicker with locale)
Component is below the fold and not SEO-relevant

When to keep SSR enabled:

Content is above the fold and needs fast FCP
Content is SEO-relevant (product listings, article text)

7. Emotion Cache Configuration

prepend: true is critical

const cache = createCache({
  key: 'mui',
  prepend: true, // MUI styles go BEFORE other <style> tags
});

Cache key naming to avoid conflicts

If you have multiple Emotion caches (e.g., MUI + your own styled-components via Emotion), each must have a unique key:

// MUI cache
const muiCache = createCache({ key: 'mui', prepend: true });

// App-specific cache
const appCache = createCache({ key: 'app' });

The key is used as a prefix in generated class names (mui-1a2b3c, app-4d5e6f) and as the data-emotion attribute value on <style> tags. Duplicate keys cause style clobbering.

Per-request cache on server (not singleton)

On the server, create a new Emotion cache for every request. A singleton cache accumulates styles across requests and causes:

Memory leaks (styles from request A bleed into request B)
Wrong styles rendered (stale cache entries)
Increasing response sizes over time

// WRONG: singleton cache on server
const cache = createCache({ key: 'mui' }); // created once at module scope

// CORRECT: per-request cache
function handleRequest(req, res) {
  const cache = createCache({ key: 'mui' }); // fresh for each request
  // ... render with this cache
}

In the Pages Router, _document.tsx's getInitialProps creates a new cache per request (section 2).

Quick Reference: Which Setup Do I Need?

Setup	App Router (v13+)	Pages Router	Static Export
ThemeRegistry + useServerInsertedHTML	Required	N/A	Required
_document.tsx + extractCriticalToChunks	N/A	Required	N/A
getInitColorSchemeScript	Recommended	Recommended	Recommended
Pigment CSS	Alternative (replaces Emotion)	Alternative	Alternative
@emotion/cache with prepend	Required	Required	Required
@emotion/server	Not needed	Required	Not needed

Package Versions

These patterns apply to:

@mui/material v5.14+ and v6.x
next v13.4+ (App Router), v12+ (Pages Router)
@emotion/react v11.x, @emotion/cache v11.x
@pigment-css/react v0.0.x (early adoption, API may change)