fastapi-patterns

FastAPI Patterns Skill

Provides comprehensive FastAPI development patterns and best practices for building modern, production-ready Python APIs.

When to Use This Skill

Activate this skill when working with:

• FastAPI application architecture and design
• Pydantic models and data validation
• SQLAlchemy ORM patterns and relationships
• Async/await patterns and performance optimization
• Dependency injection and middleware
• JWT authentication and authorization
• API documentation and OpenAPI schemas

Quick Reference

Development Commands

# Development server with auto-reload
uvicorn main:app --reload --host 0.0.0.0 --port 8000

# Production with workers
uvicorn main:app --host 0.0.0.0 --port 8000 --workers 4

# With Gunicorn (recommended for production)
gunicorn main:app -w 4 -k uvicorn.workers.UvicornWorker -b 0.0.0.0:8000

# Install dependencies
pip install fastapi uvicorn[standard] sqlalchemy pydantic-settings python-jose passlib bcrypt

# Run tests
pytest tests/ -v --cov=app

Application Structure

app/
├── main.py                 # Application entry point
├── config.py              # Settings and configuration
├── dependencies.py        # Dependency injection
├── database.py           # Database connection
├── models/               # SQLAlchemy models
│   ├── __init__.py
│   ├── user.py
│   ├── organization.py
│   └── base.py
├── schemas/              # Pydantic schemas
│   ├── __init__.py
│   ├── user.py
│   └── organization.py
├── routers/              # API endpoints
│   ├── __init__.py
│   ├── auth.py
│   ├── users.py
│   └── organizations.py
├── services/             # Business logic
│   ├── __init__.py
│   ├── auth_service.py
│   └── user_service.py
├── middleware/           # Custom middleware
│   └── auth.py
└── utils/               # Utility functions
    ├── security.py
    └── validators.py

Application Setup with Lifespan

# main.py
from fastapi import FastAPI
from fastapi.middleware.cors import CORSMiddleware
from contextlib import asynccontextmanager
from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import create_async_engine

from app.config import settings
from app.routers import auth, users, organizations
from app.database import init_db

@asynccontextmanager
async def lifespan(app: FastAPI):
    # Startup: Initialize database connection
    await init_db()
    print("Database initialized")
    yield
    # Shutdown: Close connections
    print("Shutting down...")

app = FastAPI(
    title=settings.PROJECT_NAME,
    version=settings.VERSION,
    openapi_url=f"{settings.API_V1_STR}/openapi.json",
    lifespan=lifespan
)

# CORS middleware
app.add_middleware(
    CORSMiddleware,
    allow_origins=settings.ALLOWED_ORIGINS,
    allow_credentials=True,
    allow_methods=["*"],
    allow_headers=["*"],
)

# Include routers
app.include_router(auth.router, prefix=f"{settings.API_V1_STR}/auth", tags=["auth"])
app.include_router(users.router, prefix=f"{settings.API_V1_STR}/users", tags=["users"])
app.include_router(organizations.router, prefix=f"{settings.API_V1_STR}/organizations", tags=["organizations"])

@app.get("/health")
async def health_check():
    return {"status": "healthy", "version": settings.VERSION}

Pydantic Settings and Configuration

# config.py
from pydantic_settings import BaseSettings, SettingsConfigDict
from typing import List

class Settings(BaseSettings):
    # Application
    PROJECT_NAME: str = "Zenith API"
    VERSION: str = "1.0.0"
    API_V1_STR: str = "/api/v1"

    # Database
    DATABASE_URL: str
    DB_POOL_SIZE: int = 10
    DB_MAX_OVERFLOW: int = 20

    # Security
    SECRET_KEY: str
    ALGORITHM: str = "HS256"
    ACCESS_TOKEN_EXPIRE_MINUTES: int = 30
    REFRESH_TOKEN_EXPIRE_DAYS: int = 7

    # CORS
    ALLOWED_ORIGINS: List[str] = ["http://localhost:3000"]

    # Redis
    REDIS_URL: str = "redis://localhost:6379"

    model_config = SettingsConfigDict(
        env_file=".env",
        case_sensitive=True
    )

settings = Settings()

SQLAlchemy Models with Async

# models/base.py
from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import AsyncAttrs
from sqlalchemy.orm import DeclarativeBase, Mapped, mapped_column
from datetime import datetime

class Base(AsyncAttrs, DeclarativeBase):
    pass

class TimestampMixin:
    created_at: Mapped[datetime] = mapped_column(default=datetime.utcnow)
    updated_at: Mapped[datetime] = mapped_column(default=datetime.utcnow, onupdate=datetime.utcnow)

# models/user.py
from sqlalchemy import String, Boolean
from sqlalchemy.orm import Mapped, mapped_column, relationship
from app.models.base import Base, TimestampMixin

class User(Base, TimestampMixin):
    __tablename__ = "users"

    id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(primary_key=True, index=True)
    email: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String(255), unique=True, index=True)
    hashed_password: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String(255))
    full_name: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String(255))
    is_active: Mapped[bool] = mapped_column(Boolean, default=True)
    is_superuser: Mapped[bool] = mapped_column(Boolean, default=False)

    # Relationships
    organizations = relationship("Organization", secondary="user_organizations", back_populates="users")

Pydantic Schemas with Validation

# schemas/user.py
from pydantic import BaseModel, EmailStr, Field, ConfigDict
from datetime import datetime
from typing import Optional

class UserBase(BaseModel):
    email: EmailStr
    full_name: str = Field(..., min_length=1, max_length=255)
    is_active: bool = True

class UserCreate(UserBase):
    password: str = Field(..., min_length=8, max_length=100)

class UserUpdate(BaseModel):
    email: Optional[EmailStr] = None
    full_name: Optional[str] = Field(None, min_length=1, max_length=255)
    password: Optional[str] = Field(None, min_length=8, max_length=100)

class UserInDB(UserBase):
    id: int
    created_at: datetime
    updated_at: datetime

    model_config = ConfigDict(from_attributes=True)

class UserResponse(UserInDB):
    pass

Router with Dependency Injection

# routers/users.py
from fastapi import APIRouter, Depends, HTTPException, status, Query
from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import AsyncSession
from typing import List

from app.schemas.user import UserCreate, UserUpdate, UserResponse
from app.services.user_service import UserService
from app.dependencies import get_current_user, get_db
from app.models.user import User

router = APIRouter()

@router.post("/", response_model=UserResponse, status_code=status.HTTP_201_CREATED)
async def create_user(
    user_in: UserCreate,
    db: AsyncSession = Depends(get_db),
    current_user: User = Depends(get_current_user)
):
    """Create a new user."""
    if not current_user.is_superuser:
        raise HTTPException(status_code=403, detail="Not enough permissions")

    service = UserService(db)
    return await service.create(user_in)

@router.get("/", response_model=List[UserResponse])
async def list_users(
    skip: int = Query(0, ge=0),
    limit: int = Query(100, ge=1, le=1000),
    db: AsyncSession = Depends(get_db),
    current_user: User = Depends(get_current_user)
):
    """List all users with pagination."""
    service = UserService(db)
    return await service.list(skip=skip, limit=limit)

@router.get("/{user_id}", response_model=UserResponse)
async def get_user(
    user_id: int,
    db: AsyncSession = Depends(get_db),
    current_user: User = Depends(get_current_user)
):
    """Get user by ID."""
    service = UserService(db)
    user = await service.get(user_id)
    if not user:
        raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail="User not found")
    return user

@router.patch("/{user_id}", response_model=UserResponse)
async def update_user(
    user_id: int,
    user_update: UserUpdate,
    db: AsyncSession = Depends(get_db),
    current_user: User = Depends(get_current_user)
):
    """Update user."""
    if current_user.id != user_id and not current_user.is_superuser:
        raise HTTPException(status_code=403, detail="Not enough permissions")

    service = UserService(db)
    updated_user = await service.update(user_id, user_update)
    if not updated_user:
        raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail="User not found")
    return updated_user

Service Layer Pattern

# services/user_service.py
from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import AsyncSession
from sqlalchemy import select
from typing import List, Optional

from app.models.user import User
from app.schemas.user import UserCreate, UserUpdate
from app.utils.security import get_password_hash

class UserService:
    def __init__(self, db: AsyncSession):
        self.db = db

    async def create(self, user_in: UserCreate) -> User:
        """Create a new user."""
        db_user = User(
            email=user_in.email,
            full_name=user_in.full_name,
            hashed_password=get_password_hash(user_in.password),
            is_active=user_in.is_active
        )
        self.db.add(db_user)
        await self.db.commit()
        await self.db.refresh(db_user)
        return db_user

    async def get(self, user_id: int) -> Optional[User]:
        """Get user by ID."""
        result = await self.db.execute(select(User).where(User.id == user_id))
        return result.scalar_one_or_none()

    async def get_by_email(self, email: str) -> Optional[User]:
        """Get user by email."""
        result = await self.db.execute(select(User).where(User.email == email))
        return result.scalar_one_or_none()

    async def list(self, skip: int = 0, limit: int = 100) -> List[User]:
        """List users with pagination."""
        result = await self.db.execute(select(User).offset(skip).limit(limit))
        return list(result.scalars().all())

    async def update(self, user_id: int, user_update: UserUpdate) -> Optional[User]:
        """Update user."""
        user = await self.get(user_id)
        if not user:
            return None

        update_data = user_update.model_dump(exclude_unset=True)
        if "password" in update_data:
            update_data["hashed_password"] = get_password_hash(update_data.pop("password"))

        for field, value in update_data.items():
            setattr(user, field, value)

        await self.db.commit()
        await self.db.refresh(user)
        return user

JWT Authentication

# utils/security.py
from datetime import datetime, timedelta
from typing import Optional
from jose import JWTError, jwt
from passlib.context import CryptContext

from app.config import settings

pwd_context = CryptContext(schemes=["bcrypt"], deprecated="auto")

def verify_password(plain_password: str, hashed_password: str) -> bool:
    return pwd_context.verify(plain_password, hashed_password)

def get_password_hash(password: str) -> str:
    return pwd_context.hash(password)

def create_access_token(data: dict, expires_delta: Optional[timedelta] = None) -> str:
    to_encode = data.copy()
    if expires_delta:
        expire = datetime.utcnow() + expires_delta
    else:
        expire = datetime.utcnow() + timedelta(minutes=settings.ACCESS_TOKEN_EXPIRE_MINUTES)

    to_encode.update({"exp": expire})
    encoded_jwt = jwt.encode(to_encode, settings.SECRET_KEY, algorithm=settings.ALGORITHM)
    return encoded_jwt

def decode_access_token(token: str) -> Optional[dict]:
    try:
        payload = jwt.decode(token, settings.SECRET_KEY, algorithms=[settings.ALGORITHM])
        return payload
    except JWTError:
        return None

# dependencies.py
from fastapi import Depends, HTTPException, status
from fastapi.security import HTTPBearer, HTTPAuthorizationCredentials
from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import AsyncSession

from app.database import get_db
from app.services.user_service import UserService
from app.utils.security import decode_access_token
from app.models.user import User

security = HTTPBearer()

async def get_current_user(
    credentials: HTTPAuthorizationCredentials = Depends(security),
    db: AsyncSession = Depends(get_db)
) -> User:
    """Get current authenticated user from JWT token."""
    token = credentials.credentials
    payload = decode_access_token(token)

    if payload is None:
        raise HTTPException(
            status_code=status.HTTP_401_UNAUTHORIZED,
            detail="Could not validate credentials"
        )

    email: str = payload.get("sub")
    if email is None:
        raise HTTPException(
            status_code=status.HTTP_401_UNAUTHORIZED,
            detail="Could not validate credentials"
        )

    service = UserService(db)
    user = await service.get_by_email(email)
    if user is None:
        raise HTTPException(
            status_code=status.HTTP_401_UNAUTHORIZED,
            detail="User not found"
        )

    if not user.is_active:
        raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail="Inactive user")

    return user

Database Connection Pool

# database.py
from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import create_async_engine, AsyncSession, async_sessionmaker
from app.config import settings
from app.models.base import Base

engine = create_async_engine(
    settings.DATABASE_URL,
    echo=True,
    pool_size=settings.DB_POOL_SIZE,
    max_overflow=settings.DB_MAX_OVERFLOW,
    pool_pre_ping=True
)

AsyncSessionLocal = async_sessionmaker(
    engine,
    class_=AsyncSession,
    expire_on_commit=False
)

async def init_db():
    """Initialize database tables."""
    async with engine.begin() as conn:
        await conn.run_sync(Base.metadata.create_all)

async def get_db() -> AsyncSession:
    """Dependency for database sessions."""
    async with AsyncSessionLocal() as session:
        try:
            yield session
        finally:
            await session.close()

Background Tasks

from fastapi import BackgroundTasks
import asyncio

async def send_email_notification(email: str, message: str):
    """Background task to send email."""
    await asyncio.sleep(2)  # Simulate email sending
    print(f"Email sent to {email}: {message}")

@router.post("/register")
async def register_user(
    user_in: UserCreate,
    background_tasks: BackgroundTasks,
    db: AsyncSession = Depends(get_db)
):
    """Register user and send welcome email in background."""
    service = UserService(db)
    user = await service.create(user_in)

    # Add background task
    background_tasks.add_task(
        send_email_notification,
        user.email,
        "Welcome to Zenith!"
    )

    return user

Exception Handling

from fastapi import Request
from fastapi.responses import JSONResponse
from sqlalchemy.exc import IntegrityError

@app.exception_handler(IntegrityError)
async def integrity_error_handler(request: Request, exc: IntegrityError):
    return JSONResponse(
        status_code=400,
        content={"detail": "Database integrity error. Resource may already exist."}
    )

@app.exception_handler(ValueError)
async def value_error_handler(request: Request, exc: ValueError):
    return JSONResponse(
        status_code=400,
        content={"detail": str(exc)}
    )

Best Practices

1. Structure: Use clear separation of concerns (routers, services, models, schemas)
2. Async: Leverage async/await for all I/O operations
3. Dependencies: Use dependency injection for testability and reusability
4. Validation: Utilize Pydantic for request/response validation
5. Security: Implement JWT authentication with proper token validation
6. Database: Use connection pooling and proper session management
7. Error Handling: Define custom exception handlers for common errors
8. Documentation: FastAPI auto-generates OpenAPI docs at /docs
9. Testing: Write unit tests for services and integration tests for endpoints
10. Configuration: Use Pydantic Settings for environment-based config

Performance Tips

• Use async database drivers (asyncpg for PostgreSQL)
• Implement caching with Redis for frequently accessed data
• Use background tasks for non-critical operations
• Leverage connection pooling for database efficiency
• Implement pagination for list endpoints
• Use SELECT specific columns instead of loading entire models when possible
• Consider using lazy loading for relationships
• Monitor with middleware for request timing and logging