Browser Automation with cmux

Use this skill for browser tasks inside cmux webviews. Requires cmux environment ($CMUX_WORKSPACE_ID). Outside cmux, this skill's features are unavailable.

Core Workflow

1. Open or target a browser surface.
2. Verify navigation with get url before waiting or snapshotting.
3. Snapshot (--interactive) to get fresh element refs.
4. Act with refs (click, fill, type, select, press).
5. Wait for state changes.
6. Re-snapshot after DOM/navigation changes.

cmux --json browser open https://example.com
# use returned surface ref, for example: surface:7

cmux browser surface:7 get url
cmux browser surface:7 wait --load-state complete --timeout-ms 15000
cmux browser surface:7 snapshot --interactive
cmux browser surface:7 fill e1 "hello"
cmux --json browser surface:7 click e2 --snapshot-after
cmux browser surface:7 snapshot --interactive

Surface Targeting

# identify current context
cmux identify --json

# open routed to a specific topology target
cmux browser open https://example.com --workspace workspace:2 --window window:1 --json

Notes:

• CLI output defaults to short refs (surface:N, pane:N, workspace:N, window:N).
• UUIDs are still accepted on input; only request UUID output when needed (--id-format uuids|both).
• Keep using one surface:N per task unless you intentionally switch.

Wait Support

cmux browser <surface> wait --selector "#ready" --timeout-ms 10000
cmux browser <surface> wait --text "Success" --timeout-ms 10000
cmux browser <surface> wait --url-contains "/dashboard" --timeout-ms 10000
cmux browser <surface> wait --load-state complete --timeout-ms 15000
cmux browser <surface> wait --function "document.readyState === 'complete'" --timeout-ms 10000

Common Flows

Form Submit

cmux --json browser open https://example.com/signup
cmux browser surface:7 get url
cmux browser surface:7 wait --load-state complete --timeout-ms 15000
cmux browser surface:7 snapshot --interactive
cmux browser surface:7 fill e1 "Jane Doe"
cmux browser surface:7 fill e2 "jane@example.com"
cmux --json browser surface:7 click e3 --snapshot-after
cmux browser surface:7 wait --url-contains "/welcome" --timeout-ms 15000
cmux browser surface:7 snapshot --interactive

Clear an Input

cmux browser surface:7 fill e11 "" --snapshot-after --json
cmux browser surface:7 get value e11 --json

Stable Agent Loop (Recommended)

# navigate -> verify -> wait -> snapshot -> action -> snapshot
cmux browser surface:7 get url
cmux browser surface:7 wait --load-state complete --timeout-ms 15000
cmux browser surface:7 snapshot --interactive
cmux --json browser surface:7 click e5 --snapshot-after
cmux browser surface:7 snapshot --interactive

If get url is empty or about:blank, navigate first instead of waiting on load state.

Deep-Dive References

Reference	When to Use
Commands	Full browser command mapping and quick syntax
Snapshot and Refs	Ref lifecycle and stale-ref troubleshooting
Authentication	Login/OAuth/2FA patterns and state save/load
Session Management	Multi-surface isolation and state persistence patterns

Ready-to-Use Templates

Template	Description
Form Automation	Snapshot/ref form fill loop
Authenticated Session	Login once, save/load state
Capture Workflow	Navigate + capture snapshots/screenshots

Limits (WKWebView)

These are not supported in cmux's embedded browser (WKWebView-based):

• Viewport emulation
• Offline emulation
• Trace/screencast recording
• Network route interception/mocking
• Low-level raw input injection

Use supported high-level commands (click, fill, press, scroll, wait, snapshot) instead.

Gotchas

• WKWebView-based, not Chromium — viewport emulation, network interception, and trace/screencast recording are not supported. Don't attempt CDP-style commands.
• Element refs (e1, e2, ...) are invalidated on any DOM change — always re-snapshot after navigation, modal open/close, or mutating actions. Use --snapshot-after on click/fill to combine action + snapshot.
• snapshot --interactive can return js_error on complex pages — fall back to get text body or get html body for content extraction.
• browser open targets the workspace of the calling terminal (via $CMUX_WORKSPACE_ID), even if a different workspace is currently focused. Use --workspace to override.
• goto and navigate are aliases — both work for same-surface navigation.

Troubleshooting

js_error on snapshot --interactive or eval

Some complex pages can reject the JavaScript used for rich snapshots.

Recovery:

cmux browser surface:7 get url
cmux browser surface:7 get text body
cmux browser surface:7 get html body

• Use get url first to confirm the page actually navigated.
• Fall back to get text body or get html body when snapshot --interactive returns js_error.
• If the page is still failing, navigate to a simpler intermediate page, then retry.