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Python测试框架与测试策略规范。涵盖pytest 8.x断言与fixture、hypothesis属性测试、pytest-asyncio异步测试、TDD流程。适用于编写单元测试、集成测试、测试覆盖率提升、测试失败调试等场景。
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- **python:dev** - 开发阶段使用
Guides Python testing with pytest: TDD cycle, fixture patterns, mocking, parametrization, and 80%+ coverage targets. Activates when writing Python tests or setting up coverage infrastructure.
Provides pytest patterns for Python testing: setup, fixtures, TDD, mocking, async tests, and integration tests. Use for unit/integration test construction and coverage config.
Implements strict pytest configurations for Python projects, covering fixtures, parametrize, coverage thresholds, async tests with pytest-asyncio, Hypothesis property testing, nox/tox, CI matrices, snapshot testing with syrupy, mocking, and test organization mirroring source code.
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package 级作用域 fixture：
@pytest.fixture(scope="package") # 新增：package 级作用域
def database():
db = connect_db()
yield db
db.close()
改进的参数化：
@pytest.mark.parametrize(
"input,expected",
[
pytest.param(1, 2, id="case-1"),
pytest.param(2, 4, id="case-2"),
pytest.param(3, 6, id="case-3", marks=pytest.mark.slow),
]
)
def test_double(input, expected):
assert double(input) == expected
from hypothesis import given, strategies as st
@given(st.lists(st.integers()))
def test_reverse_twice_is_identity(items):
"""反转两次应该得到原列表"""
assert list(reversed(list(reversed(items)))) == items
@given(st.integers(min_value=0, max_value=150))
def test_age_validation(age):
"""年龄验证应该接受 0-150"""
user = User(username="test", age=age)
assert 0 <= user.age <= 150
from hypothesis import given
from hypothesis.strategies import builds, text, emails
# 生成复杂对象
@given(builds(
User,
username=text(min_size=3, max_size=50),
email=emails(),
age=st.integers(min_value=18, max_value=120)
))
def test_user_creation(user):
"""测试用户创建逻辑"""
assert user.username
assert "@" in user.email
assert 18 <= user.age <= 120
import pytest
from httpx import AsyncClient
@pytest.fixture
async def async_client():
"""异步客户端 fixture"""
async with AsyncClient(app=app, base_url="http://test") as ac:
yield ac
@pytest.fixture
async def test_user(async_client):
"""创建测试用户"""
response = await async_client.post("/users", json={
"username": "testuser",
"email": "test@example.com"
})
return response.json()
# 函数级（默认）
@pytest.fixture(scope="function")
def user():
return User(name="test")
# 模块级
@pytest.fixture(scope="module")
def db_connection():
conn = create_connection()
yield conn
conn.close()
# 包级（pytest 8.0+）
@pytest.fixture(scope="package")
def database():
db = setup_database()
yield db
teardown_database(db)
# 会话级
@pytest.fixture(scope="session")
def test_config():
return load_test_config()
import pytest
from httpx import AsyncClient
@pytest.mark.asyncio
async def test_create_user(async_client):
"""测试创建用户"""
response = await async_client.post("/users", json={
"username": "newuser",
"email": "new@example.com"
})
assert response.status_code == 201
data = response.json()
assert data["username"] == "newuser"
[tool.pytest.ini_options]
asyncio_mode = "auto" # 自动检测异步测试，无需 @pytest.mark.asyncio
tests/
├── conftest.py # 全局 fixture
├── unit/ # 单元测试
│ ├── test_models.py
│ ├── test_services.py
│ └── test_utils.py
├── integration/ # 集成测试
│ ├── test_api.py
│ └── test_database.py
└── e2e/ # 端到端测试
└── test_user_flows.py
import pytest
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker
@pytest.fixture(scope="session")
def engine():
"""创建测试数据库引擎"""
return create_engine("sqlite:///:memory:")
@pytest.fixture(scope="function")
def db_session(engine):
"""创建数据库会话"""
SessionLocal = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
session = SessionLocal()
yield session
session.rollback()
session.close()
@pytest.fixture
def async_client():
"""异步客户端"""
async with AsyncClient(app=app, base_url="http://test") as ac:
yield ac
[tool.coverage.run]
source = ["src"]
branch = true
omit = [
"*/tests/*",
"*/migrations/*",
"*/__pycache__/*",
]
[tool.coverage.report]
precision = 2
show_missing = true
skip_covered = false
# 质量门控
fail_under = 90 # 最低 90% 覆盖率
exclude_lines = [
"pragma: no cover",
"def __repr__",
"raise AssertionError",
"raise NotImplementedError",
"if TYPE_CHECKING:",
]
# 运行测试并生成覆盖率报告
pytest --cov=src tests/
# 生成 HTML 报告
pytest --cov=src --cov-report=html tests/
open htmlcov/index.html
# 显示未覆盖的行
pytest --cov=src --cov-report=term-missing tests/
# 覆盖率不达标时失败
pytest --cov=src --cov-fail-under=90 tests/
from unittest.mock import Mock, patch, AsyncMock
def test_email_sending():
"""测试邮件发送（Mock 外部服务）"""
with patch('app.services.email.send_email') as mock_send:
mock_send.return_value = True
result = UserService.create_and_notify(username="test")
mock_send.assert_called_once()
assert result.username == "test"
@pytest.mark.asyncio
async def test_async_api_call():
"""测试异步 API 调用"""
with patch('app.services.api.fetch_data', new_callable=AsyncMock) as mock_fetch:
mock_fetch.return_value = {"status": "ok"}
result = await process_external_data()
mock_fetch.assert_awaited_once()
assert result == {"status": "ok"}
| AI 可能的理性化解释 | 实际应该检查的内容 |
|---|---|
| "这个测试用例覆盖了所有情况" | ✅ 是否使用了 hypothesis 属性测试？ |
| "手动测试更准确" | ✅ 是否有自动化测试覆盖？ |
| "80% 覆盖率够用了" | ✅ 是否达到 90% 覆盖率目标？ |
| "不需要测试简单函数" | ✅ 是否所有公共函数都有测试？ |
| "集成测试可以替代单元测试" | ✅ 是否有独立的单元测试？ |
| "同步测试更简单" | ✅ 异步代码是否使用了 pytest-asyncio？ |
import pytest
from httpx import AsyncClient
from hypothesis import given, strategies as st
# Fixture
@pytest.fixture
async def async_client():
async with AsyncClient(app=app, base_url="http://test") as ac:
yield ac
@pytest.fixture
async def test_user(async_client):
response = await async_client.post("/users", json={
"username": "testuser",
"email": "test@example.com",
"password": "securepassword123"
})
return response.json()
# 单元测试
@pytest.mark.asyncio
async def test_create_user(async_client):
"""测试创建用户"""
response = await async_client.post("/users", json={
"username": "newuser",
"email": "new@example.com",
"password": "password123"
})
assert response.status_code == 201
data = response.json()
assert data["username"] == "newuser"
assert data["email"] == "new@example.com"
assert "id" in data
# 属性测试
@given(
username=st.text(min_size=3, max_size=50),
age=st.integers(min_value=0, max_value=150)
)
def test_user_validation(username, age):
"""属性测试：用户验证逻辑"""
user = User(username=username, email="test@example.com", age=age)
assert len(user.username) >= 3
assert 0 <= user.age <= 150
# 集成测试
@pytest.mark.asyncio
async def test_user_workflow(async_client, test_user):
"""测试完整用户工作流"""
# 1. 登录
response = await async_client.post("/token", data={
"username": test_user["username"],
"password": "securepassword123"
})
assert response.status_code == 200
token = response.json()["access_token"]
# 2. 获取当前用户信息
response = await async_client.get(
"/users/me",
headers={"Authorization": f"Bearer {token}"}
)
assert response.status_code == 200
assert response.json()["username"] == test_user["username"]
test_ 开头test_ 开头