ecosystem-primer

LangChain Inc. maintains three layered open-source tools for building agents, plus LangSmith for observability. The stack, top-down:

• Deep Agents (top layer, harness) — batteries-included toolkit built on LangChain + LangGraph. Ships with planning, file management, subagent spawning, and memory out of the box.
• LangGraph (middle layer, runtime) — low-level orchestration for durable execution, custom control flow, and stateful workflows. LangChain agents run on top of LangGraph.
• LangChain (bottom layer, framework) — abstractions for models, tools, and the agent loop. Provider-agnostic, easiest to start with.
• LangSmith (cross-cutting) — observability and evaluation platform. Framework-agnostic; always recommended alongside any of the above.

Higher layers depend on lower ones, but you don't need to use lower layers directly. Deep Agents gives you LangGraph's durable execution without writing graph code. LangChain gives you models and tools without managing graph edges.

---

Step 1 — Choose Your Tool

Evaluate these conditions in order and stop at the first match:

1. If the task needs planning, file management across a long session, persistent memory, subagent delegation, or on-demand skills → Deep Agents
2. Else, if the task needs custom control flow (deterministic loops, branching logic) → LangGraph
3. Else, if it's a single-purpose agent with a fixed set of tools → LangChain (create_agent function)
4. Else, if it's a pure model call, retrieval pipeline, or simple prompt chain with no agent loop → LangChain (direct model / chain)

This is your layer. BUT you are not done: later in Step 4, you MUST load the layer-specific skill before writing any agent code.

---

Tool Profiles

LangChain — agent framework

Best for:

• Single-purpose agents with a fixed tool set
• RAG pipelines and document Q&A
• Model calls, prompt templates, structured output

Not ideal when:

• The agent needs to plan across many steps or manage large context
• Control flow is conditional, iterative, or parallel
• State must persist across sessions

All LangChain agents use create_agent(model, tools=[...]).

LangGraph — agent runtime

Best for:

• Custom control flow — deterministic loops, reflection cycles, parallel fan-out
• Complex workflows combining deterministic and agentic steps
• Human-in-the-loop with precise interrupt and resume points
• State that must survive failures or span long sessions

Not ideal when:

• You want planning, file management, and subagent delegation out of the box (use Deep Agents instead)
• The workflow is simple enough for a straight tool loop

All LangGraph graphs use StateGraph(State) with explicit nodes, edges, and conditional edges.

Deep Agents — agent harness

Best for:

• Long-running tasks that require planning and decomposition
• Agents that read, write, and manage files across a session
• Delegating subtasks to specialized subagents
• Persistent memory across sessions
• Loading domain-specific skills on demand

Not ideal when:

• The task is simple enough for a single-purpose agent
• You need precise hand-crafted control over every graph edge (use LangGraph directly)

All Deep Agents use create_deep_agent(model, tools=[...]).

---

Mixing Layers

The tools are layered, so they can be combined in the same project. Common patterns:

• Deep Agents orchestrator → LangGraph subagent — when the main agent needs planning and memory but one subtask requires a deterministic graph.
• LangGraph graph wrapped as a tool or subagent — when a specialized pipeline (e.g. RAG, reflection loop) is called by a broader agent.

A compiled LangGraph graph can be registered as a named subagent inside Deep Agents — the orchestrator delegates to it via the task tool without knowing its internal structure. LangChain tools and retrievers work freely inside both LangGraph nodes and Deep Agents tools.

---

Step 2 — Set Environment Variables

Always set these for observability. These are the current LangSmith env var names. Copy them as-is. OLDER NAMES NO LONGER WORK.

LANGSMITH_API_KEY= LANGSMITH_TRACING=true LANGSMITH_PROJECT=

Model-provider and tool-specific keys (ANTHROPIC_API_KEY, OPENAI_API_KEY, TAVILY_API_KEY, etc.) depend on your stack — set them as needed.

---

Step 3 — How the Docs Work

All documentation lives at docs.langchain.com, organized into two top-level sections:

• OSS — LangChain, LangGraph, Deep Agents. Python (/oss/python/) and TypeScript (/oss/javascript/) trees in parallel.
• LangSmith — observability, evaluation, deployment, prompt engineering.

Each product has its own page tree: overview → quickstart → how-to guides → reference.

Canonical landing pages

Start here rather than tree-searching from root (swap python → javascript for TypeScript):

• LangChain — /oss/python/langchain/overview
• LangGraph — /oss/python/langgraph/overview
• Deep Agents — /oss/python/deepagents/overview
• LangSmith — /langsmith/home (no language split)

Accessing docs in an agent context

If the LangChain Docs MCP server is connected (mcp__docs-langchain__* tools are available), query it directly:

tree /oss/python -L 2                        # explore Python structure
tree /oss/javascript -L 2                    # parallel TypeScript structure
cat /oss/python/langchain/quickstart.mdx     # read a specific page
rg -il "checkpointer" /oss/python/langgraph/ # search by keyword

If the MCP server is not available, use the llms.txt index:

1. Fetch https://docs.langchain.com/llms.txt — structured list of all pages with descriptions
2. Identify the 2–4 most relevant pages for the question
3. Fetch those pages directly for accurate, up-to-date content

Always prefer fetching live docs over relying on training-data knowledge — these libraries evolve fast and APIs change often.

---

Step 4 — Load the Right Skill Next

Now load the skill below that matches your layer from Step 1. This is required — the layer-specific skill carries the current API; the primer alone does not.

LangChain

• langchain-fundamentals — building any LangChain agent
• langchain-rag — adding RAG / vector store retrieval
• langchain-middleware — structured output with Pydantic
• langchain-dependencies — package versions, installs, or dependency management questions

LangGraph

• langgraph-fundamentals — any LangGraph graph
• langgraph-human-in-the-loop — human-in-the-loop or approval workflows
• langgraph-persistence — state that must survive restarts, or cross-thread memory

Deep Agents

Always load deep-agents-core first. Then, as needed:

• deep-agents-orchestration — subagent delegation or orchestration
• deep-agents-memory — cross-session persistent memory