gitops-knowledge

Flux CD Knowledge Base

You are an expert on Flux CD, the GitOps toolkit for Kubernetes. Use this knowledge base to answer questions accurately, generate correct YAML manifests, and explain Flux concepts.

Rules:

• Always use the exact apiVersion/kind combinations from the CRD table below. Never invent API versions.
• Before generating YAML for any CRD, read its OpenAPI schema from assets/schemas/ to verify field names, types, and enum values.
• ResourceSet templates use << >> delimiters, NEVER {{ }} (Go templates are only used inside ImageUpdateAutomation commit messages).
• When a question requires detail beyond this file, load the relevant reference file from references/. Load at most 1-2 reference files per question.
• Prefer Flux Operator (FluxInstance) for cluster setup. Do not reference flux bootstrap or legacy gotk-* files.

What is Flux

Flux is a set of Kubernetes controllers that implement GitOps — the practice of using Git (or OCI registries) as the source of truth for declarative infrastructure and applications. Flux continuously reconciles the desired state stored in sources with the actual state of the cluster.

Flux Operator manages the Flux installation declaratively through a FluxInstance custom resource. It handles installation, configuration, upgrades, and lifecycle of all Flux controllers. Only one FluxInstance named flux can exist per cluster.

How resources relate:

Sources (Git, OCI, Helm, Bucket)
  │
  ▼ produce artifacts
Artifacts (tarballs, Helm charts, OCI layers)
  │
  ▼ consumed by
Appliers (Kustomization, HelmRelease)
  │
  ▼ create/update
Managed Resources (Deployments, Services, ConfigMaps, ...)
  │
  ▼ status reported to
Notifications (Provider + Alert → Slack, Teams, GitHub, ...)

ResourceSet orchestration flow:

ResourceSetInputProvider (GitHub PRs, OCI tags, ...)
  │
  ▼ exports inputs
ResourceSet (template + input matrix)
  │
  ▼ generates per-input
Namespaces, Sources, Kustomizations, HelmReleases, RBAC, ...

Two delivery models:

• Git-based: Flux watches Git repositories and applies changes on commit.
• Gitless (OCI-based): Git → CI pushes OCI artifacts → Flux pulls from registry. OCI artifacts are immutable, signed, and don't require Git credentials on clusters.

Controllers and CRDs

Kind	apiVersion	Controller	Purpose
FluxInstance	fluxcd.controlplane.io/v1	flux-operator	Manages Flux installation lifecycle
FluxReport	fluxcd.controlplane.io/v1	flux-operator	Read-only observed state of Flux
ResourceSet	fluxcd.controlplane.io/v1	flux-operator	Template resources from input matrix
ResourceSetInputProvider	fluxcd.controlplane.io/v1	flux-operator	Fetch inputs from external services
GitRepository	source.toolkit.fluxcd.io/v1	source-controller	Fetch from Git repositories
OCIRepository	source.toolkit.fluxcd.io/v1	source-controller	Fetch OCI artifacts from registries
HelmRepository	source.toolkit.fluxcd.io/v1	source-controller	Index Helm chart repositories
HelmChart	source.toolkit.fluxcd.io/v1	source-controller	Fetch and package Helm charts
Bucket	source.toolkit.fluxcd.io/v1	source-controller	Fetch from S3-compatible storage
ExternalArtifact	source.toolkit.fluxcd.io/v1	(external)	Generic artifact storage for 3rd-party controllers
ArtifactGenerator	source.extensions.fluxcd.io/v1beta1	source-controller	Compose/decompose artifacts from multiple sources
Kustomization	kustomize.toolkit.fluxcd.io/v1	kustomize-controller	Build and apply Kustomize overlays or plain YAML
HelmRelease	helm.toolkit.fluxcd.io/v2	helm-controller	Install and manage Helm releases
Provider	notification.toolkit.fluxcd.io/v1beta3	notification-controller	External notification provider config
Alert	notification.toolkit.fluxcd.io/v1beta3	notification-controller	Route events to notification providers
Receiver	notification.toolkit.fluxcd.io/v1	notification-controller	Webhook receiver for incoming events
ImageRepository	image.toolkit.fluxcd.io/v1	image-reflector-controller	Scan container image registries
ImagePolicy	image.toolkit.fluxcd.io/v1	image-reflector-controller	Select image by version policy
ImageUpdateAutomation	image.toolkit.fluxcd.io/v1	image-automation-controller	Update YAML in Git with new image tags

How Flux Works

Reconciliation Loop

Flux controllers run a continuous reconciliation loop:

1. Sources poll for changes — source-controller checks Git repos, OCI registries, Helm repos, or S3 buckets at configured intervals and produces versioned artifacts.
2. Appliers consume artifacts — kustomize-controller and helm-controller detect new artifact revisions, build manifests (Kustomize overlays or Helm templates), and apply them to the cluster using server-side apply.
3. Drift detection and self-healing — Flux compares the desired state from the source with the live state in the cluster. When drift is detected, Flux corrects it automatically (if enabled).
4. Notifications report status — notification-controller sends events to external systems (Slack, Teams, GitHub commit status, etc.) based on Alert rules.

Dependency Ordering

Use dependsOn to control reconciliation order. For example, install CRDs before CRs, or infrastructure before applications:

spec:
  dependsOn:
    - name: infra-controllers  # wait for this Kustomization to be Ready

ResourceSets support richer dependencies with readyExpr (CEL expressions):

spec:
  dependsOn:
    - apiVersion: fluxcd.controlplane.io/v1
      kind: ResourceSet
      name: policies
      ready: true
      readyExpr: "status.conditions.filter(e, e.type == 'Ready').all(e, e.status == 'True')"

Reactivity with Watch Labels

By default, Flux controllers poll sources at the configured interval. To react immediately when a dependency changes, add the watch label to the upstream resource:

metadata:
  labels:
    reconcile.fluxcd.io/watch: Enabled

When a ConfigMap or Secret with this label changes, any Kustomization or HelmRelease that references it via postBuild.substituteFrom or valuesFrom will reconcile immediately.

Decision Trees

Which Source Type?

• Git repo with Kustomize overlays or plain YAML → GitRepository
• OCI artifact (container image with manifests) → OCIRepository
• Helm chart from OCI registry → OCIRepository with layerSelector for Helm media type
• Helm chart from HTTPS Helm repo → HelmRepository (default type)
• S3/GCS/MinIO bucket → Bucket
• Monorepo that needs splitting → ArtifactGenerator (creates ExternalArtifact per path)
• Helm chart + env-specific values from Git → ArtifactGenerator (composes chart with values overlay)

Kustomization vs HelmRelease?

• Plain YAML or Kustomize overlays → Kustomization
• Helm chart → HelmRelease
• Both can deploy to remote clusters via kubeConfig and support dependsOn.

How to Reference Helm Charts (3 Patterns)

Pattern 1 — HTTPS Helm repository:

# HelmRelease creates a HelmChart automatically
spec:
  chart:
    spec:
      chart: metrics-server
      version: "3.x"
      sourceRef:
        kind: HelmRepository
        name: metrics-server

Pattern 2 — OCI registry with chartRef (recommended):

# Separate OCIRepository + HelmRelease with chartRef
spec:
  chartRef:
    kind: OCIRepository
    name: nginx-chart

Pattern 3 — HelmChart from Git/Bucket source:

# Chart stored in Git, HelmRelease references HelmChart
spec:
  chart:
    spec:
      chart: ./charts/my-app
      sourceRef:
        kind: GitRepository
        name: my-repo

chart.spec and chartRef are mutually exclusive — use one or the other.

ResourceSet vs Kustomization?

• One set of manifests, one deployment → Kustomization
• Same template deployed for N inputs (tenants, components, environments) → ResourceSet
• ResourceSets generate resources from an input matrix; Kustomizations apply a fixed set of manifests.

How to Set Up GitOps from Scratch

1. Install Flux Operator (Helm chart or Terraform)
2. Create a FluxInstance named flux in the flux-system namespace
3. Configure .spec.sync to point to your Git repo or OCI registry
4. Organize manifests in the source repo using Kustomize base+overlay pattern
5. Create Kustomization resources to apply manifests from the source
6. Add Provider + Alert for notifications

Canonical YAML Patterns

1. GitOps Pipeline (GitRepository + Kustomization)

apiVersion: source.toolkit.fluxcd.io/v1
kind: GitRepository
metadata:
  name: my-app
  namespace: flux-system
spec:
  interval: 5m
  url: https://github.com/org/my-app.git
  ref:
    branch: main
  secretRef:
    name: git-credentials  # optional, for private repos
---
apiVersion: kustomize.toolkit.fluxcd.io/v1
kind: Kustomization
metadata:
  name: my-app
  namespace: flux-system
spec:
  interval: 10m
  sourceRef:
    kind: GitRepository
    name: my-app
  path: ./deploy/production
  prune: true
  wait: true
  timeout: 5m

2. Helm from HTTPS Repository

apiVersion: source.toolkit.fluxcd.io/v1
kind: HelmRepository
metadata:
  name: metrics-server
  namespace: kube-system
spec:
  interval: 1h
  url: https://kubernetes-sigs.github.io/metrics-server/
---
apiVersion: helm.toolkit.fluxcd.io/v2
kind: HelmRelease
metadata:
  name: metrics-server
  namespace: kube-system
spec:
  interval: 30m
  chart:
    spec:
      chart: metrics-server
      version: "3.x"
      sourceRef:
        kind: HelmRepository
        name: metrics-server
  values:
    args:
      - --kubelet-insecure-tls

3. Helm from OCI Registry (Recommended)

apiVersion: source.toolkit.fluxcd.io/v1
kind: OCIRepository
metadata:
  name: cert-manager-chart
  namespace: cert-manager
spec:
  interval: 1h
  url: oci://quay.io/jetstack/charts/cert-manager
  layerSelector:
    mediaType: "application/vnd.cncf.helm.chart.content.v1.tar+gzip"
    operation: copy
  ref:
    semver: "1.x"
---
apiVersion: helm.toolkit.fluxcd.io/v2
kind: HelmRelease
metadata:
  name: cert-manager
  namespace: cert-manager
spec:
  interval: 1h
  chartRef:
    kind: OCIRepository
    name: cert-manager-chart
  install:
    strategy:
      name: RetryOnFailure
      retryInterval: 5m
  upgrade:
    strategy:
      name: RetryOnFailure
      retryInterval: 5m
  values:
    crds:
      enabled: true
      keep: false

4. FluxInstance with OCI Sync (Gitless GitOps)

apiVersion: fluxcd.controlplane.io/v1
kind: FluxInstance
metadata:
  name: flux
  namespace: flux-system
spec:
  distribution:
    version: "2.x"
    registry: "ghcr.io/fluxcd"
  components:
    - source-controller
    - source-watcher
    - kustomize-controller
    - helm-controller
    - notification-controller
  cluster:
    type: kubernetes
    size: medium
    multitenant: true
    tenantDefaultServiceAccount: flux
    networkPolicy: true
  sync:
    kind: OCIRepository
    url: "oci://ghcr.io/my-org/fleet-manifests"
    ref: "latest"
    path: "clusters/production"
    pullSecret: "registry-auth"

5. ResourceSet for Multi-Component Orchestration

apiVersion: fluxcd.controlplane.io/v1
kind: ResourceSet
metadata:
  name: apps
  namespace: flux-system
  annotations:
    fluxcd.controlplane.io/reconcileEvery: "5m"
spec:
  dependsOn:
    - apiVersion: fluxcd.controlplane.io/v1
      kind: ResourceSet
      name: infra
      ready: true
  inputs:
    - tenant: "frontend"
      tag: "latest"
      environment: "production"
    - tenant: "backend"
      tag: "latest"
      environment: "production"
  resources:
    - apiVersion: v1
      kind: Namespace
      metadata:
        name: << inputs.tenant >>
        labels:
          toolkit.fluxcd.io/role: "tenant"
    - apiVersion: v1
      kind: ServiceAccount
      metadata:
        name: flux
        namespace: << inputs.tenant >>
    - apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
      kind: RoleBinding
      metadata:
        name: flux
        namespace: << inputs.tenant >>
      roleRef:
        apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
        kind: ClusterRole
        name: admin
      subjects:
        - kind: ServiceAccount
          name: flux
          namespace: << inputs.tenant >>
    - apiVersion: source.toolkit.fluxcd.io/v1
      kind: OCIRepository
      metadata:
        name: apps
        namespace: << inputs.tenant >>
      spec:
        interval: 5m
        url: "oci://ghcr.io/my-org/apps/<< inputs.tenant >>"
        ref:
          tag: << inputs.tag >>
    - apiVersion: kustomize.toolkit.fluxcd.io/v1
      kind: Kustomization
      metadata:
        name: apps
        namespace: << inputs.tenant >>
      spec:
        targetNamespace: << inputs.tenant >>
        serviceAccountName: flux
        interval: 30m
        retryInterval: 5m
        wait: true
        timeout: 5m
        sourceRef:
          kind: OCIRepository
          name: apps
        path: "./<< inputs.environment >>"
        prune: true

6. Image Automation Pipeline

Pipeline: ImageRepository → ImagePolicy → ImageUpdateAutomation. Mark images in YAML with # {"$imagepolicy": "namespace:policy-name"} comment markers for automatic tag updates.

For complete YAML examples, tag filtering, commit message templates, and marker formats, load references/image-automation.md.

7. Notifications (Slack, GitHub, Webhooks)

Provider + Alert for outgoing notifications, Receiver for incoming webhooks. Alert and Provider use v1beta3, Receiver uses v1.

For Slack, GitHub commit status, webhook receivers, and all provider types, load references/notifications.md.

Common Mistakes

Wrong template delimiters:

• ResourceSet uses << inputs.field >> — NOT {{ .inputs.field }} or {{ inputs.field }}
• Go templates {{ }} are only used in ImageUpdateAutomation .spec.git.commit.messageTemplate

Mutual exclusivity:

• HelmRelease: spec.chart.spec and spec.chartRef are mutually exclusive
• FluxInstance: only one per cluster, must be named flux

Required fields often forgotten:

• Kustomization.spec.prune — must be set (true or false), controls garbage collection
• Kustomization.spec.sourceRef — must specify kind and name
• HelmRelease.spec.interval — required for reconciliation
• Alert.spec.eventSources — at least one source required

Wrong API versions:

• Alert and Provider use v1beta3, not v1 — notification.toolkit.fluxcd.io/v1beta3
• Receiver uses v1 — notification.toolkit.fluxcd.io/v1
• HelmRelease uses v2, not v1 or v2beta1 — helm.toolkit.fluxcd.io/v2
• ImageRepository and ImagePolicy use v1 — image.toolkit.fluxcd.io/v1

HelmRelease strategy fields:

• Install/upgrade strategy is at spec.install.strategy.name and spec.upgrade.strategy.name
• Always use RetryOnFailure — it retries without rollback or uninstall, avoiding downtime
• Do not use RemediateOnFailure or spec.install.remediation / spec.upgrade.remediation

OCIRepository for Helm charts:

• When using OCIRepository to fetch Helm charts from OCI registries, set layerSelector to extract the chart:

  layerSelector:
    mediaType: "application/vnd.cncf.helm.chart.content.v1.tar+gzip"
    operation: copy
  

• Without layerSelector, the OCIRepository fetches the full OCI artifact, not the extracted chart.

Reference Index

Load reference files and OpenAPI schemas based on the question topic. Load at most 1-2 reference files per question. Read schemas for field-level validation when generating YAML.

CRD	Reference	Schema
FluxInstance	references/flux-operator.md	assets/schemas/fluxinstance-fluxcd-v1.json
FluxReport	references/flux-operator.md	assets/schemas/fluxreport-fluxcd-v1.json
ResourceSet	references/resourcesets.md	assets/schemas/resourceset-fluxcd-v1.json
ResourceSetInputProvider	references/resourcesets.md	assets/schemas/resourcesetinputprovider-fluxcd-v1.json
GitRepository	references/sources.md	assets/schemas/gitrepository-source-v1.json
OCIRepository	references/sources.md	assets/schemas/ocirepository-source-v1.json
HelmRepository	references/sources.md	assets/schemas/helmrepository-source-v1.json
HelmChart	references/sources.md	assets/schemas/helmchart-source-v1.json
Bucket	references/sources.md	assets/schemas/bucket-source-v1.json
ExternalArtifact	references/sources.md	assets/schemas/externalartifact-source-v1.json
ArtifactGenerator	references/sources.md	assets/schemas/artifactgenerator-source-v1beta1.json
Kustomization	references/kustomization.md	assets/schemas/kustomization-kustomize-v1.json
HelmRelease	references/helmrelease.md	assets/schemas/helmrelease-helm-v2.json
Provider	references/notifications.md	assets/schemas/provider-notification-v1beta3.json
Alert	references/notifications.md	assets/schemas/alert-notification-v1beta3.json
Receiver	references/notifications.md	assets/schemas/receiver-notification-v1.json
ImageRepository	references/image-automation.md	assets/schemas/imagerepository-image-v1.json
ImagePolicy	references/image-automation.md	assets/schemas/imagepolicy-image-v1.json
ImageUpdateAutomation	references/image-automation.md	assets/schemas/imageupdateautomation-image-v1.json

Topic	Reference
Repository structure, monorepo vs multi-repo, OCI-based fleet management	references/repo-patterns.md
Best practices, dependency management, remediation, versioning	references/best-practices.md
Web UI, dashboard, SSO, OIDC, Dex, Keycloak, Entra ID, RBAC	references/web-ui.md
MCP Server, AI assistant integration, in-cluster deployment	references/mcp-server.md

FluxInstance Enums

Cluster types: kubernetes, openshift, aws, azure, gcp

Cluster sizes: small (5 concurrency, 512Mi), medium (10, 1Gi), large (20, 3Gi)

Components: source-controller, kustomize-controller, helm-controller, notification-controller, image-reflector-controller, image-automation-controller, source-watcher

Sync kinds: GitRepository, OCIRepository, Bucket

Distribution variants: upstream-alpine, enterprise-alpine, enterprise-distroless, enterprise-distroless-fips

For enums of other CRDs (HelmRelease strategies, Provider types, ImagePolicy types, ResourceSetInputProvider types, etc.), check the relevant reference file or OpenAPI schema.