patterns-api-contracts

Designing API Contracts

Overview

Design RESTful API contracts that map user actions to endpoints with complete schema definitions and comprehensive error handling. Every user action becomes an endpoint; every endpoint has request/response schemas and error handling.

When to Use

• Designing new API endpoints for a feature
• Mapping user actions to HTTP methods and paths
• Creating OpenAPI specifications from requirements
• Defining request/response schemas for endpoints
• Documenting error responses for an API
• Integrating with existing API patterns (brownfield)
• Creating contracts/ directory artifacts

When NOT to Use

• GraphQL API design - Different paradigm, not RESTful
• WebSocket or real-time streaming - Use specialized patterns
• Internal microservice communication - When external contracts aren't needed
• Entity modeling - Use humaninloop:patterns-entity-modeling first
• Technical architecture decisions - Use humaninloop:patterns-technical-decisions

Endpoint Mapping

User Action to Endpoint Mapping

User Action	HTTP Method	Endpoint Pattern
Create resource	POST	/resources
List resources	GET	/resources
Get single resource	GET	/resources/{id}
Update resource	PUT/PATCH	/resources/{id}
Delete resource	DELETE	/resources/{id}
Perform action	POST	/resources/{id}/{action}
Get nested resource	GET	/resources/{id}/children

Method Selection

Scenario	Method	Idempotent?
Create new resource	POST	No
Full replacement	PUT	Yes
Partial update	PATCH	No
Read resource	GET	Yes
Remove resource	DELETE	Yes
Trigger action	POST	Usually No

Resource Naming Conventions

• Use plural nouns: /users, not /user
• Use kebab-case for multi-word: /user-profiles
• Use path params for IDs: /users/{userId}
• Use query params for filtering: /users?role=admin
• Use nested paths for relationships: /users/{userId}/tasks

Endpoint Documentation Format

Document each endpoint with description, source requirements, request/response schemas, and error cases:

## POST /api/auth/login

**Description**: Authenticate user with email and password

**Source Requirements**: FR-001, US#1

### Request
{JSON request body example}

### Response (200 OK)
{JSON response body example}

### Error Responses
| Status | Code | Description |
|--------|------|-------------|
| 400 | INVALID_INPUT | Missing or malformed fields |
| 401 | INVALID_CREDENTIALS | Wrong email or password |

Schema Definition

Request Schema Format

LoginRequest:
  type: object
  required:
    - email
    - password
  properties:
    email:
      type: string
      format: email
      description: User's email address
    password:
      type: string
      minLength: 8
      description: User's password

Type Mapping from Data Model

Data Model Type	OpenAPI Type	Format
UUID	string	uuid
Text	string	-
Email	string	email
URL	string	uri
Integer	integer	int32/int64
Decimal	number	float/double
Boolean	boolean	-
Timestamp	string	date-time
Date	string	date
Enum[a,b,c]	string	enum: [a,b,c]

Error Response Design

Use standard error format with machine-readable codes and human-readable messages.

See ERROR-PATTERNS.md for complete HTTP status codes, error code conventions, and response formats.

Quick Reference

Status	When to Use
400	Invalid input format
401	Missing/invalid auth
403	No permission
404	Resource missing
409	State conflict
422	Business rule violation
429	Rate limit exceeded
500	Server error

List Endpoints

For endpoints returning collections, implement pagination, filtering, and sorting.

See PAGINATION-PATTERNS.md for offset vs cursor pagination, filtering operators, and sorting patterns.

Quick Reference

GET /api/users?page=1&limit=20&role=admin&sort=-createdAt

Brownfield Considerations

When existing API patterns are detected, align new endpoints:

Aspect	Check For
Base path	/api/v1, /api, etc.
Auth pattern	Bearer, API key, session
Error format	Existing error structure
Pagination	page/limit, cursor, offset

Handle endpoint collisions:

• REUSE existing endpoints when possible
• RENAME to match existing patterns
• NEW only when no existing endpoint fits

OpenAPI Structure

See OPENAPI-TEMPLATE.yaml for a complete, copy-ready template with all sections.

Minimal Structure

openapi: 3.0.3
info:
  title: {Feature Name} API
  version: 1.0.0

servers:
  - url: /api

paths:
  /resource:
    get: ...
    post: ...

components:
  schemas: ...
  securitySchemes:
    bearerAuth:
      type: http
      scheme: bearer

security:
  - bearerAuth: []

Traceability

Track endpoint to requirement mapping:

Endpoint	Method	FR	US	Description
/auth/login	POST	FR-001	US#1	User login
/users/me	GET	FR-004	US#4	Get current user

Validation

Validate OpenAPI specifications using the validation script:

python scripts/validate-openapi.py path/to/openapi.yaml

Checks: OpenAPI syntax, REST conventions, error responses, request bodies, operation IDs, security schemes, examples, and descriptions.

Quality Checklist

Before finalizing API contracts:

• Every user action has an endpoint
• All endpoints have request schema (if applicable)
• All endpoints have success response schema
• All endpoints have error responses defined
• Naming follows REST conventions
• Authentication requirements documented
• Brownfield patterns matched (if applicable)
• OpenAPI spec is valid
• Traceability to requirements complete

Common Mistakes

Verbs in URLs

❌ /getUsers, /createUser, /deleteUser ✅ /users with appropriate HTTP methods (GET, POST, DELETE)

GET for State-Changing Actions

❌ GET /users/{id}/delete ✅ DELETE /users/{id} or POST /users/{id}/archive

Missing Error Responses

❌ Only documenting 200 OK response ✅ Define all error cases: 400, 401, 403, 404, 409, 422, 500

Inconsistent Naming

❌ Mixing /user-profiles, /userSettings, /user_preferences ✅ Pick one style consistently: /user-profiles, /user-settings, /user-preferences

Generic Error Codes

❌ Just returning 400 or 500 for all errors ✅ Specific codes: INVALID_EMAIL, USER_NOT_FOUND, RATE_LIMIT_EXCEEDED

Missing Examples

❌ Schema definitions without realistic example values ✅ Include example: fields showing real-world data

Skipping Brownfield Check

❌ Creating new patterns when existing API conventions exist ✅ Always check existing API style (auth, error format, pagination) first