chipsec

Chipsec - UEFI Firmware Static Analysis

You are helping the user perform static security analysis of UEFI/BIOS firmware dumps using Intel's chipsec framework. This skill focuses exclusively on offline analysis capabilities that do not require kernel driver access or root privileges.

Tool Overview

Chipsec is Intel's Platform Security Assessment Framework. For static analysis of firmware dumps, it provides:

• EFI executable inventory generation with cryptographic hashes
• Detection of known UEFI malware and vulnerabilities
• Firmware structure decoding and extraction
• NVRAM/UEFI variable extraction
• SPI flash descriptor parsing
• Baseline comparison for change detection

Prerequisites

One-Time Setup (Fix Logging Permission)

Chipsec requires a writable logs directory. Run once:

sudo mkdir -p /usr/lib/python3.13/site-packages/logs
sudo chmod 777 /usr/lib/python3.13/site-packages/logs

Verify Installation

chipsec_main --version

Core Commands

All static analysis commands use these flags:

• -i : Ignore platform check (required for offline analysis)
• -n : No kernel driver (required for static analysis)

1. Malware and Vulnerability Scan (Primary Use)

Scan firmware for known threats including UEFI rootkits and SMM vulnerabilities:

chipsec_main -i -n -m tools.uefi.scan_blocked -a <firmware.bin>

Detected Threats:

Threat	Description	Reference
HT_UEFI_Rootkit	HackingTeam commercial UEFI rootkit	McAfee ATR
MR_UEFI_Rootkit	MosaicRegressor APT UEFI implant	Kaspersky
LoJax	First UEFI rootkit found in the wild (Sednit/APT28)	ESET
ThinkPwn	SystemSmmRuntimeRt SMM code execution vulnerability	cr4.sh
FirmwareBleed	SMM Return Stack Buffer stuffing vulnerability	Binarly

Example Output (Threat Found):

[!] match 'ThinkPwn.SystemSmmRuntimeRt'
    GUID  : {7c79ac8c-5e6c-4e3d-ba6f-c260ee7c172e}
[!] found EFI binary matching 'ThinkPwn'
    MD5   : 59f5ba825911e7d0dffe06ee0d6d9828
    SHA256: 7f0e16f244151e7bfa170b7def014f6a225c5af626c223567f36a8b19f95e3ab

WARNING: Blocked EFI binary found in the UEFI firmware image

2. Generate EFI Executable Inventory

Create a JSON manifest of all EFI modules with cryptographic hashes:

chipsec_main -i -n -m tools.uefi.scan_image -a generate <output.json> <firmware.bin>

Use Cases:

• Create baseline for change detection
• Inventory all DXE drivers, PEI modules, applications
• Generate hashes for threat intelligence lookup

Output Format (efilist.json):

{
  "sha256_hash": {
    "sha1": "...",
    "guid": "EFD652CC-0E99-40F0-96C0-E08C089070FC",
    "name": "S3Resume",
    "type": "S_PE32"
  }
}

3. Compare Against Baseline

Check firmware against a known-good inventory:

chipsec_main -i -n -m tools.uefi.scan_image -a check <baseline.json> <firmware.bin>

Use Cases:

• Detect unauthorized firmware modifications
• Verify firmware update integrity
• Incident response - compare compromised vs clean

4. Decode Firmware Structure

Extract and analyze firmware volumes, files, and sections:

chipsec_util -i -n uefi decode <firmware.bin>

Creates output directory containing:

firmware.bin.dir/
├── firmware_volumes/     # Extracted FV regions
├── efi_files/           # Individual EFI binaries
├── nvram/               # NVRAM variables (if found)
└── ...

5. Extract NVRAM Variables

NVRAM variables are extracted as part of the uefi decode command:

chipsec_util -i -n uefi decode <firmware.bin>

NVRAM output location:

firmware.bin.dir/
├── nvram_.nvram.lst          # List of NVRAM variables
├── nvram/                    # Extracted variable files (if present)
└── FV/                       # Firmware volumes

View extracted variables:

cat firmware.bin.dir/nvram_.nvram.lst

Note: The standalone uefi nvram command requires driver access and cannot be used for static analysis. Use uefi decode instead, which extracts NVRAM as part of the full firmware decode process.

6. Parse SPI Flash Descriptor

Analyze SPI flash regions (requires platform hint):

chipsec_util -p <PLATFORM> spidesc <firmware.bin>

Common Platform Codes:

Code	Platform
SNB	Sandy Bridge (2nd Gen Core)
IVB	Ivy Bridge (3rd Gen Core)
HSW	Haswell (4th Gen Core)
BDW	Broadwell (5th Gen Core)
SKL	Skylake (6th Gen Core)
KBL	Kaby Lake (7th Gen Core)
CFL	Coffee Lake (8th/9th Gen Core)
ICL	Ice Lake (10th Gen Core)
TGL	Tiger Lake (11th Gen Core)
ADL	Alder Lake (12th Gen Core)
RPL	Raptor Lake (13th Gen Core)

Shows:

• Flash regions (Descriptor, BIOS, ME, GbE, PDR)
• Region base addresses and sizes
• Flash component information
• Master access permissions

Supported Firmware Formats

Extension	Description
.bin	Raw firmware/SPI flash dumps
.rom	SPI flash ROM dumps
.fd	UEFI Firmware Descriptor (OVMF, EDK2)
.cap	UEFI Capsule update files
.scap	Signed UEFI Capsule updates
.fv	UEFI Firmware Volume
.flash	Full flash dumps

Workflows

Workflow 1: Standard Security Audit

Complete firmware security assessment:

TARGET="firmware.bin"
OUTPUT_DIR="./chipsec-analysis"
mkdir -p "$OUTPUT_DIR"

# Step 1: Scan for known threats (most important)
echo "[+] Scanning for known malware/vulnerabilities..."
chipsec_main -i -n -m tools.uefi.scan_blocked -a "$TARGET" 2>&1 | tee "$OUTPUT_DIR/threat_scan.txt"

# Step 2: Generate EFI inventory
echo "[+] Generating EFI executable inventory..."
chipsec_main -i -n -m tools.uefi.scan_image -a generate "$OUTPUT_DIR/efi_inventory.json" "$TARGET"

# Step 3: Decode firmware structure
echo "[+] Decoding firmware structure..."
chipsec_util -i -n uefi decode "$TARGET"

# Step 4: Check for NVRAM in decoded output
echo "[+] Checking for extracted NVRAM variables..."
cat "$TARGET.dir/nvram_.nvram.lst" 2>/dev/null || echo "No NVRAM variables extracted"

echo "[+] Analysis complete. Results in: $OUTPUT_DIR/"
echo "[+] Decoded firmware in: $TARGET.dir/"

Workflow 2: Malware Detection Focus

Quick check for known threats:

# Run blocklist scan
chipsec_main -i -n -m tools.uefi.scan_blocked -a firmware.bin 2>&1 | tee scan_results.txt

# Check for any matches
echo "[+] Checking for threat matches..."
grep -E "match|found|WARNING" scan_results.txt

# If threats found, get details
grep -A10 "found EFI binary matching" scan_results.txt

Workflow 3: Firmware Update Verification

Compare before/after firmware update:

# Before update - create baseline
chipsec_main -i -n -m tools.uefi.scan_image -a generate baseline_before.json firmware_original.bin

# After update - compare
chipsec_main -i -n -m tools.uefi.scan_image -a check baseline_before.json firmware_updated.bin

# Also generate new inventory for diff analysis
chipsec_main -i -n -m tools.uefi.scan_image -a generate baseline_after.json firmware_updated.bin

# Compare inventories
diff baseline_before.json baseline_after.json

Workflow 4: Incident Response

Analyze potentially compromised firmware:

SUSPECT="compromised_dump.bin"
KNOWN_GOOD="golden_image.bin"
OUTPUT_DIR="./ir-analysis"
mkdir -p "$OUTPUT_DIR"

# 1. Immediate threat scan
echo "[!] Scanning for known implants..."
chipsec_main -i -n -m tools.uefi.scan_blocked -a "$SUSPECT" 2>&1 | tee "$OUTPUT_DIR/threat_scan.txt"

# 2. Generate inventory of suspect firmware
chipsec_main -i -n -m tools.uefi.scan_image -a generate "$OUTPUT_DIR/suspect_inventory.json" "$SUSPECT"

# 3. If golden image available, compare
if [ -f "$KNOWN_GOOD" ]; then
    chipsec_main -i -n -m tools.uefi.scan_image -a generate "$OUTPUT_DIR/golden_inventory.json" "$KNOWN_GOOD"
    echo "[+] Comparing against known-good baseline..."
    chipsec_main -i -n -m tools.uefi.scan_image -a check "$OUTPUT_DIR/golden_inventory.json" "$SUSPECT"
fi

# 4. Full decode for manual analysis
chipsec_util -i -n uefi decode "$SUSPECT"

echo "[+] IR analysis complete. Review: $OUTPUT_DIR/"

Workflow 5: IoT Device Firmware Analysis

Analyze firmware extracted from IoT device:

# After extracting firmware with ffind or binwalk
IOT_FIRMWARE="extracted_firmware.bin"

# Quick threat check
chipsec_main -i -n -m tools.uefi.scan_blocked -a "$IOT_FIRMWARE"

# Generate inventory for documentation
chipsec_main -i -n -m tools.uefi.scan_image -a generate iot_efi_list.json "$IOT_FIRMWARE"

# Extract structure for deeper analysis
chipsec_util -i -n uefi decode "$IOT_FIRMWARE"

# NVRAM variables extracted as part of decode - check output
cat "$IOT_FIRMWARE.dir/nvram_.nvram.lst" 2>/dev/null

Output Interpretation

Exit Codes

Code	Meaning
0	All checks passed, no issues found
2	Security issues detected (FAILED tests)
16	Module execution errors
128	Module not applicable

Result States

State	Meaning	Action
PASSED	No known threats detected	Document and proceed
WARNING	Potential issue found	Investigate further
FAILED	Security vulnerability confirmed	Remediate immediately
NOT APPLICABLE	Test couldn't run	Check firmware format

Interpreting Threat Matches

When scan_blocked finds a match:

[!] match 'ThinkPwn.SystemSmmRuntimeRt'
    GUID  : {7c79ac8c-5e6c-4e3d-ba6f-c260ee7c172e}
    regexp: bytes '...' at offset 1184h
[!] found EFI binary matching 'ThinkPwn'
    MD5   : 59f5ba825911e7d0dffe06ee0d6d9828
    SHA1  : 4979bc7660fcf3ab5562ef2e1c4c45097ecb615e
    SHA256: 7f0e16f244151e7bfa170b7def014f6a225c5af626c223567f36a8b19f95e3ab

Key Information:

• Threat Name: Which known threat was matched
• GUID: Unique identifier of the affected EFI module
• Hashes: For further threat intelligence lookup
• Offset: Location in binary where pattern matched

Integration with IoTHackBot Tools

With ffind (Firmware Extraction)

# Find firmware files in extracted filesystem
ffind /path/to/extracted -a

# Analyze found UEFI firmware
chipsec_main -i -n -m tools.uefi.scan_blocked -a found_firmware.bin

With binwalk (Pre-processing)

# Extract firmware components first
binwalk -e firmware_package.bin

# Find and analyze UEFI images
find _firmware_package.bin.extracted -name "*.fd" -o -name "*.rom" | while read fw; do
    echo "[+] Analyzing: $fw"
    chipsec_main -i -n -m tools.uefi.scan_blocked -a "$fw"
done

Troubleshooting

Permission Denied on Logs

PermissionError: [Errno 13] Permission denied: '/usr/lib/python3.13/site-packages/logs/...'

Solution:

sudo mkdir -p /usr/lib/python3.13/site-packages/logs
sudo chmod 777 /usr/lib/python3.13/site-packages/logs

Module Not Found

ERROR: No module named 'chipsec.modules.tools.uefi.scan_blocked'

Solution: Verify chipsec installation:

pip show chipsec
pip install --upgrade chipsec

Invalid Firmware Format

[CHIPSEC] Found 0 EFI executables in UEFI firmware image

Possible Causes:

• File is not valid UEFI firmware
• File is encrypted or compressed
• File needs pre-processing (binwalk extraction)

Diagnosis:

file firmware.bin
binwalk firmware.bin

Platform Required for spidesc

ERROR: This module requires a configuration to be loaded.

Solution: Specify platform with -p:

chipsec_util -p SKL spidesc firmware.bin

NVRAM Not Extracted

If nvram_.nvram.lst is empty or shows an error after decode:

Possible Causes:

• Firmware doesn't contain standard NVRAM format
• NVRAM region is encrypted or compressed
• Non-standard vendor format

Alternative Analysis:

# Search for variable-like patterns in decoded output
grep -r "Setup\|Boot\|SecureBoot" firmware.bin.dir/

# Use binwalk to find NVRAM signatures
binwalk -R "\x06\x00\x00\x00" firmware.bin

Best Practices

1. Always Run Threat Scan First

The blocklist scan is quick and catches known threats:

chipsec_main -i -n -m tools.uefi.scan_blocked -a firmware.bin

2. Generate Inventory for Every Firmware

Create baselines for future comparison:

chipsec_main -i -n -m tools.uefi.scan_image -a generate "$(basename firmware.bin .bin)_inventory.json" firmware.bin

3. Save All Output

Redirect output for documentation:

chipsec_main -i -n -m tools.uefi.scan_blocked -a firmware.bin 2>&1 | tee analysis_$(date +%Y%m%d).txt

4. Verify Firmware Format First

Before running chipsec:

file firmware.bin
binwalk firmware.bin | head -20

5. Use Organized Output Directories

mkdir -p analysis/{threats,inventories,decoded,nvram}

6. Cross-Reference with Other Tools

• UEFITool: Visual firmware structure analysis
• binwalk: Entropy analysis and extraction
• strings: Quick secrets/URL discovery

Command Reference

Quick Reference Table

Task	Command
Scan for malware	chipsec_main -i -n -m tools.uefi.scan_blocked -a <fw>
Generate inventory	chipsec_main -i -n -m tools.uefi.scan_image -a generate <out.json> <fw>
Compare baseline	chipsec_main -i -n -m tools.uefi.scan_image -a check <base.json> <fw>
Decode structure + NVRAM	chipsec_util -i -n uefi decode <fw>
Parse SPI descriptor	chipsec_util -p <PLAT> spidesc <fw>

Flag Reference

Flag	Purpose
-i	Ignore platform check (required for offline)
-n	No kernel driver (required for static analysis)
-m	Specify module to run
-a	Module arguments
-p	Specify platform (for spidesc)
-j	JSON output file

Security and Ethics

IMPORTANT: Only analyze firmware you own or have explicit authorization to analyze.

• Respect intellectual property and licensing
• Follow responsible disclosure for vulnerabilities found
• Document all analysis activities
• Be aware that some firmware may contain proprietary code
• Use findings for defensive security purposes only

Success Criteria

A successful chipsec static analysis includes:

• Threat scan completed (PASSED or findings documented)
• EFI inventory JSON generated with module hashes
• Firmware structure decoded (if applicable)
• NVRAM variables extracted (if present)
• All findings documented with:
  • Threat name and severity
  • Affected module GUID and hashes
  • Recommendations for remediation
• Output files organized and saved for reporting