articulate

Articulate — Design Vocabulary

Say precisely what you mean. Vague design feedback ("make it pop", "feels off", "cleaner") wastes iterations. A shared, precise vocabulary lets you name the exact property, state, or pattern at issue — so reviews, critiques, and handoffs land the first time.

Use this skill to choose the right word: when describing a UI issue, writing a critique or review, naming a token, or reaching for a term you half-remember. Reach for the precise term below instead of an approximation; if a needed term isn't here, consult the full reference at index.how/to/articulate.

When to use

• Writing or sharpening critique / review / audit copy — name the property, not the vibe.
• Design handoff / rationale — communicate decisions in terms a designer and engineer share.
• Describing a UI/interaction issue precisely (e.g. "the disabled state relies on opacity, not a muted token").
• Reaching for a term and unsure of the exact word (kerning vs tracking, voice vs tone, WCAG vs APCA).

Pairs with frontend:impeccable (design execution), frontend:impeccable (argument: critique, heuristic review), and frontend:web-design-guidelines (standards) — articulate supplies the words those skills' findings should be written in.

The 12 domains (quick reference)

Representative terms per domain; see the source for the complete ~188-entry set.

Domain	Use it to name…	Representative terms
Typography	letterform spacing, metrics, text behavior	kerning, tracking, leading, x-height, cap height, ligatures, variable fonts, hyphenation, widows/orphans, overflow
Color	spaces, contrast, semantics	sRGB, P3, OKLCH, WCAG, APCA, semantic tokens, saturation, blend modes, dark mode
Iconography	icon form & clarity	stroke weight, optical centering, filled vs outlined, pixel hinting, meaning collision
Layout	spatial organization	flexbox, grid, overflow handling, aspect ratio, breakpoints, responsive
Interaction	feedback & affordance	hover, focus, active, disabled, affordance, touch target, confirmation pattern
Motion	timing & coordination	easing curve, duration, stagger, reduced motion, choreography
Accessibility	inclusive access	WCAG, APCA, screen reader, keyboard navigation, semantic HTML, state communication
Information Architecture	structure & wayfinding	navigation labeling, progressive disclosure, wayfinding, card sorting
Copywriting	UI language	microcopy, error messaging, voice vs tone, scannability, destructive-action clarity
Tools	systems & process	design system, tokens, variables, prototyping, handoff
Analysis	measurement	A/B test, heatmap, funnel, retention, NPS, scroll depth
Components	UI building blocks (each with state requirements)	button, input, select, dialog, toast, tooltip, data table, …

Principles worth quoting precisely

• Affordance is signal. "A button looks pressable." When the signal is missing, users hesitate — name the missing affordance rather than calling it "confusing."
• State needs its own token. A disabled state needs a specific muted token, not opacity alone — opacity dims everything (including focus rings and text contrast) instead of communicating "unavailable."
• Focus is mandatory. A visible focus state is required; "removing it is an accessibility failure," not a style choice.
• Animate GPU properties. "Opacity and transform run on the GPU"; animating layout properties (width, height, top, left) "forces the browser to recalculate layout on every frame" — say "this animates layout" when flagging jank.
• Voice vs tone. "Voice stays the same regardless of context. Tone shifts within it." Use the two words for different things: voice = brand constant, tone = situational register.

How to apply

1. When you would write a vague word ("clean", "modern", "pop", "off"), substitute the precise term for the property actually changing.
2. In critiques/reviews, name the domain + term + state (e.g. "Interaction: the primary button has no focus-visible state" beats "the button feels unfinished").
3. When naming design tokens or describing a system, prefer the established term (semantic token, leading, optical centering) over an invented one.
4. If the exact term isn't above, look it up in the full reference rather than approximating: https://index.how/to/articulate

Source: Index — a design vocabulary guide by Emil Kowalski & Glenn Menu, https://index.how/to/articulate. This skill summarizes the taxonomy and key principles; the full ~188-entry reference lives at the source.