PostgreSQL 数据库模式,涵盖查询优化、模式设计、索引和安全性。基于 Supabase 最佳实践。
From everything-claude-codenpx claudepluginhub codelably/harmony-claude-codeThis skill uses the workspace's default tool permissions.
Provides Ktor server patterns for routing DSL, plugins (auth, CORS, serialization), Koin DI, WebSockets, services, and testApplication testing.
Compares coding agents like Claude Code and Aider on custom YAML-defined codebase tasks using git worktrees, measuring pass rate, cost, time, and consistency.
Provides Kotlin patterns for JetBrains Exposed ORM: DSL/DAO queries, coroutine transactions, HikariCP pooling, Flyway migrations, repository pattern.
PostgreSQL 最佳实践快速参考。如需详细指导,请使用 database-reviewer 智能体(Agent)。
| 查询模式 | 索引类型 | 示例 |
|---|---|---|
WHERE col = value | B-tree(默认) | CREATE INDEX idx ON t (col) |
WHERE col > value | B-tree | CREATE INDEX idx ON t (col) |
WHERE a = x AND b > y | 复合索引(Composite) | CREATE INDEX idx ON t (a, b) |
WHERE jsonb @> '{}' | GIN | CREATE INDEX idx ON t USING gin (col) |
WHERE tsv @@ query | GIN | CREATE INDEX idx ON t USING gin (col) |
| 时序范围(Time-series ranges) | BRIN | CREATE INDEX idx ON t USING brin (col) |
| 用例 | 正确类型 | 避免使用 |
|---|---|---|
| ID | bigint | int, 随机 UUID |
| 字符串 | text | varchar(255) |
| 时间戳 | timestamptz | timestamp |
| 金额 | numeric(10,2) | float |
| 标志位(Flags) | boolean | varchar, int |
复合索引顺序:
-- 等值列(Equality columns)在前,范围列(Range columns)在后
CREATE INDEX idx ON orders (status, created_at);
-- 适用于:WHERE status = 'pending' AND created_at > '2024-01-01'
覆盖索引(Covering Index):
CREATE INDEX idx ON users (email) INCLUDE (name, created_at);
-- 避免在执行 SELECT email, name, created_at 时进行表查找(Table lookup)
部分索引(Partial Index):
CREATE INDEX idx ON users (email) WHERE deleted_at IS NULL;
-- 索引体积更小,仅包含活动用户
RLS 策略(已优化):
CREATE POLICY policy ON orders
USING ((SELECT auth.uid()) = user_id); -- 包裹在 SELECT 中!
UPSERT(更新插入):
INSERT INTO settings (user_id, key, value)
VALUES (123, 'theme', 'dark')
ON CONFLICT (user_id, key)
DO UPDATE SET value = EXCLUDED.value;
游标分页(Cursor Pagination):
SELECT * FROM products WHERE id > $last_id ORDER BY id LIMIT 20;
-- O(1) 复杂度,对比 OFFSET 的 O(n) 复杂度
队列处理:
UPDATE jobs SET status = 'processing'
WHERE id = (
SELECT id FROM jobs WHERE status = 'pending'
ORDER BY created_at LIMIT 1
FOR UPDATE SKIP LOCKED
) RETURNING *;
-- 查找未建立索引的外键
SELECT conrelid::regclass, a.attname
FROM pg_constraint c
JOIN pg_attribute a ON a.attrelid = c.conrelid AND a.attnum = ANY(c.conkey)
WHERE c.contype = 'f'
AND NOT EXISTS (
SELECT 1 FROM pg_index i
WHERE i.indrelid = c.conrelid AND a.attnum = ANY(i.indkey)
);
-- 查找慢查询
SELECT query, mean_exec_time, calls
FROM pg_stat_statements
WHERE mean_exec_time > 100
ORDER BY mean_exec_time DESC;
-- 检查表膨胀(Table bloat)
SELECT relname, n_dead_tup, last_vacuum
FROM pg_stat_user_tables
WHERE n_dead_tup > 1000
ORDER BY n_dead_tup DESC;
-- 连接限制(根据 RAM 调整)
ALTER SYSTEM SET max_connections = 100;
ALTER SYSTEM SET work_mem = '8MB';
-- 超时设置
ALTER SYSTEM SET idle_in_transaction_session_timeout = '30s';
ALTER SYSTEM SET statement_timeout = '30s';
-- 监控
CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS pg_stat_statements;
-- 安全默认设置
REVOKE ALL ON SCHEMA public FROM public;
SELECT pg_reload_conf();
database-reviewer - 完整的数据库审查工作流clickhouse-io - ClickHouse 分析模式backend-patterns - API 和后端模式基于 Supabase Agent Skills (MIT 许可证)