shadertoy

Shadertoy Shader Development

Overview

Shadertoy is a platform for creating and sharing GLSL fragment shaders that run in the browser using WebGL. This skill provides comprehensive guidance for writing shaders including GLSL ES syntax, common patterns, mathematical techniques, and best practices specific to real-time procedural graphics.

When to Use This Skill

Activate this skill when:

• Writing or editing .glsl shader files
• Creating procedural graphics, generative art, or visual effects
• Working with Shadertoy.com projects or WebGL fragment shaders
• Implementing ray marching, distance fields, or procedural textures
• Debugging shader code or optimizing shader performance
• Need GLSL ES syntax reference or Shadertoy input variables

Core Concepts

Shader Entry Point

Every Shadertoy shader implements the mainImage function:

void mainImage(out vec4 fragColor, in vec2 fragCoord)
{
    // fragCoord: pixel coordinates (0 to iResolution.xy)
    // fragColor: output color (RGBA, typically alpha = 1.0)

    vec2 uv = fragCoord / iResolution.xy;
    fragColor = vec4(uv, 0.0, 1.0);
}

Shadertoy Built-in Inputs

Always available in shaders:

Type	Name	Description
vec3	iResolution	Viewport resolution (x, y, aspect ratio)
float	iTime	Current time in seconds (primary animation driver)
float	iTimeDelta	Time to render one frame
int	iFrame	Current frame number
vec4	iMouse	Mouse: xy = current position, zw = click position
sampler2D	iChannel0-iChannel3	Input textures/buffers
vec3	iChannelResolution[4]	Resolution of each input channel
vec4	iDate	Year, month, day, time in seconds (.xyzw)

Coordinate System Setup

Standard patterns for normalizing coordinates:

// Aspect-corrected UV centered at origin (-1 to 1, aspect-preserved)
vec2 uv = (fragCoord.xy - 0.5 * iResolution.xy) / min(iResolution.y, iResolution.x);

// Alternative compact form:
vec2 uv = (fragCoord * 2.0 - iResolution.xy) / min(iResolution.x, iResolution.y);

// Simple normalized (0 to 1)
vec2 uv = fragCoord / iResolution.xy;

Common Shader Patterns

1. Procedural Color Palettes

Use Inigo Quilez's cosine palette for smooth color gradients:

vec3 palette(float t, vec3 a, vec3 b, vec3 c, vec3 d) {
    return a + b * cos(6.28318 * (c * t + d));
}

// Example usage:
vec3 col = palette(
    t,
    vec3(0.5, 0.5, 0.5),    // base
    vec3(0.5, 0.5, 0.5),    // amplitude
    vec3(1.0, 1.0, 0.5),    // frequency
    vec3(0.8, 0.90, 0.30)   // phase
);

2. Hash Functions (Pseudo-Random)

Simple 2D hash for noise and randomness:

float hash21(vec2 p) {
    p = fract(p * vec2(234.34, 435.345));
    p += dot(p, p + 34.23);
    return fract(p.x * p.y);
}

3. Ray Marching

Standard pattern for 3D rendering via sphere tracing:

// Distance field function
float map(vec3 p) {
    return length(p) - 1.0;  // Sphere at origin, radius 1
}

// Normal calculation
vec3 calcNormal(vec3 p) {
    vec2 e = vec2(0.001, 0.0);
    return normalize(vec3(
        map(p + e.xyy) - map(p - e.xyy),
        map(p + e.yxy) - map(p - e.yxy),
        map(p + e.yyx) - map(p - e.yyx)
    ));
}

// Ray marching loop
vec3 render(vec3 ro, vec3 rd) {
    float t = 0.0;
    for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
        vec3 p = ro + rd * t;
        float d = map(p);
        if (d < 0.001) {
            // Hit - calculate lighting
            vec3 n = calcNormal(p);
            return n * 0.5 + 0.5;  // Normal visualization
        }
        if (t > 10.0) break;
        t += d * 0.5;  // Step (0.5 factor for safety)
    }
    return vec3(0.0);  // Miss
}

4. Rotations

2D rotation:

mat2 rot2d(float a) {
    float c = cos(a), s = sin(a);
    return mat2(c, -s, s, c);
}
// Usage: p.xy *= rot2d(iTime);

3D axis-angle rotation (modifies in-place):

void rot(inout vec3 p, vec3 axis, float angle) {
    axis = normalize(axis);
    float s = sin(angle), c = cos(angle), oc = 1.0 - c;
    mat3 m = mat3(
        oc * axis.x * axis.x + c,           oc * axis.x * axis.y - axis.z * s,  oc * axis.z * axis.x + axis.y * s,
        oc * axis.x * axis.y + axis.z * s,  oc * axis.y * axis.y + c,           oc * axis.y * axis.z - axis.x * s,
        oc * axis.z * axis.x - axis.y * s,  oc * axis.y * axis.z + axis.x * s,  oc * axis.z * axis.z + c
    );
    p = m * p;
}

5. Domain Repetition and Folding

Create fractal-like structures:

vec3 foldRotate(vec3 p, float timeOffset) {
    for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
        p = abs(p);  // Mirror fold
        rot(p, vec3(0.707, 0.707, 0.0), 0.785);
        p -= 0.5;    // Translate
    }
    return p;
}

6. Post-Processing

Vignette:

float vignette(vec2 uv) {
    uv *= 1.0 - uv.yx;
    return pow(uv.x * uv.y * 15.0, 0.25);
}

Film grain/dithering (reduces banding):

float dither = hash21(fragCoord + iTime) * 0.001;
finalCol += dither;

Gamma correction:

finalCol = pow(finalCol, vec3(0.45));  // ~1/2.2

Multi-Pass Rendering

For complex effects requiring temporal feedback or multiple rendering stages:

Buffer A (Computation):

void mainImage(out vec4 fragColor, in vec2 fragCoord) {
    vec2 uv = fragCoord / iResolution.xy;
    // Generate or compute values
    fragColor = vec4(computedColor, 1.0);
}

Buffer B (Feedback/Blending):

#define BUFFER_A iChannel0
void mainImage(out vec4 fragColor, in vec2 fragCoord) {
    vec2 uv = fragCoord / iResolution.xy;
    vec4 current = texture(BUFFER_A, uv);
    vec4 previous = texture(iChannel1, uv);  // Self-reference
    fragColor = mix(previous, current, 0.1);  // Temporal blend
}

Main (Final Output):

#define BUFFER_B iChannel1
void mainImage(out vec4 fragColor, in vec2 fragCoord) {
    vec2 uv = fragCoord / iResolution.xy;
    fragColor = texture(BUFFER_B, uv);
}

Critical GLSL ES Rules

ALWAYS follow these rules to avoid compilation errors:

1. NO f suffix: Use 1.0 NOT 1.0f
2. NO saturate(): Use clamp(x, 0.0, 1.0) instead
3. Protect pow/sqrt: Wrap arguments: pow(max(x, 0.0), p), sqrt(abs(x))
4. Avoid division by zero: Check denominators or add epsilon
5. Initialize variables: Don't assume default values
6. Avoid name conflicts: Don't name functions like variables
7. NO interactive commands: Avoid find, grep - use Glob/Grep tools instead

Workflow Guide

Creating a New Shader

1. Set up coordinate system - Choose appropriate UV normalization
2. Define core effect - Implement main visual algorithm
3. Add animation - Use iTime for temporal variation
4. Apply color palette - Use cosine palette or custom scheme
5. Add post-processing - Vignette, dither, gamma correction
6. Optimize - Reduce iterations, use early exits, minimize branches

Common Tasks

Visualizing complex numbers:

• Use the complex math functions in references/common-patterns.md
• Plot with cx_log(), cx_pow(), or polynomial evaluation
• Map complex results to color via palette

Ray marching 3D scenes:

• Define distance field in map() function
• Set up camera (ray origin ro, ray direction rd)
• March using standard loop pattern
• Calculate normals with tetrahedron method
• Apply lighting and material properties

Creating noise/organic effects:

• Use hash21() for random values
• Implement fbm() (fractional Brownian motion) for natural variation
• Combine with sin()/cos() for structured patterns
• Apply domain warping for organic distortion

Multi-layer composition:

• Render multiple passes with different parameters
• Blend layers using mix() or custom blend modes
• Add interference patterns by comparing layer differences
• Use smoothstep() for soft transitions

Debugging Strategies

Visualize intermediate values:

fragColor = vec4(vec3(distanceField), 1.0);  // Show distance
fragColor = vec4(normal * 0.5 + 0.5, 1.0);   // Show normals
fragColor = vec4(fract(uv), 0.0, 1.0);       // Show UV tiling

Simplify progressively:

• Comment out post-processing
• Reduce iteration counts
• Replace complex functions with simple placeholders
• Check coordinate transformations step-by-step

Check for NaN/Inf:

• Add guards: if (isnan(value) || isinf(value)) return vec3(1.0, 0.0, 0.0);
• Validate divisions and roots

Performance Optimization

1. Fixed iteration counts - Avoid dynamic loops
2. Early exit conditions - Break when threshold met
3. Step multiplier tuning - Balance quality vs speed (0.5 to 1.0)
4. Minimize texture reads - Cache repeated lookups
5. Avoid conditionals - Use mix(), step(), smoothstep() instead of if
6. Reduce precision - Use mediump or lowp where appropriate (mobile)

Naming Conventions

Based on observed patterns in creative work:

• Poetic/evocative names - "alien-water", "heavenly-wisp", "comprehension"
• Technical descriptors - "complex-plot", "noise-circuits", "ray-marching-demo"
• Compound phrases - "coming-apart-at-the-seams", "form-without-form"
• Lowercase with hyphens - my-shader-name.glsl

Attribution and Forking

When forking or remixing shaders:

// Fork of "Original Name" by AuthorName. https://shadertoy.com/view/XxXxXx
// Date: YYYY-MM-DD
// License: Creative Commons (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) [or other]

Resources

references/glsl-reference.md

Complete GLSL ES syntax reference including:

• Built-in functions (trig, math, vectors, matrices, textures)
• Shadertoy input variables specification
• Type conversions and swizzling
• Common pitfalls and corrections

Search with: Read /references/glsl-reference.md for complete language reference.

references/common-patterns.md

Comprehensive pattern library including:

• Complex number mathematics (cx_mul, cx_div, cx_sin, cx_cos, cx_log, cx_pow)
• Color palette functions (cosine palette, multi-layer palettes)
• Hash functions (hash21, PCG hash)
• Ray marching templates (render loop, normal calculation)
• 3D transformations (rotations, domain folding)
• Distance fields (sphere, box, octahedron)
• Noise functions (simplex, FBM)
• Post-processing (vignette, blur, film grain, gamma)
• Blend modes (soft light, hard light, vivid light)
• Multi-pass rendering patterns

Search with: Grep "pattern" references/common-patterns.md for specific techniques.

references/example-compact-shader.glsl

Reference implementation showing:

• Compact, algorithmic shader coding style
• Efficient ray marching in minimal code
• Advanced matrix operations and transformations
• Creative Commons licensed example

Quick Reference

#define PI 3.1415926535897932384626433832795

void mainImage(out vec4 fragColor, in vec2 fragCoord) {
    // 1. Normalize coordinates
    vec2 uv = (fragCoord * 2.0 - iResolution.xy) / min(iResolution.x, iResolution.y);

    // 2. Compute effect
    float d = length(uv) - 0.5;  // Circle distance field
    vec3 col = vec3(smoothstep(0.01, 0.0, d));  // Sharp edge

    // 3. Animate with time
    col *= 0.5 + 0.5 * sin(iTime + uv.xyx * 3.0);

    // 4. Apply palette
    col = palette(col.x, vec3(0.5), vec3(0.5), vec3(1.0), vec3(0.0));

    // 5. Post-process
    col = pow(col, vec3(0.45));  // Gamma
    col *= vignette(fragCoord / iResolution.xy);

    // 6. Output
    fragColor = vec4(col, 1.0);
}

Common Shader Types in Collection

1. Mathematical Visualizations - Complex number plots, function graphs
2. Ray Marched 3D - Distance field rendering, folded geometries
3. Procedural Textures - Noise-based patterns, organic effects
4. Multi-Pass Effects - Temporal feedback, buffer composition
5. Particle Systems - Point-based simulations
6. 2D Patterns - Geometric, kaleidoscopic, interference effects

Tips for Creative Coding

• Start simple - Get basic structure working, then iterate
• Use time creatively - sin(iTime), mod(iTime, period), smoothstep() transitions
• Layer effects - Combine multiple techniques for richness
• Embrace accidents - Bugs often lead to interesting visuals
• Study references - Learn from existing shaders, understand techniques
• Optimize later - Prioritize visual quality first, then performance