performance

Performance

Core rule: measure first, optimize later. Optimization without measurement is a guess; it usually speeds up the wrong place and adds complexity. Stack-agnostic; do a web search when you need the profiling tool/library.

Method (in order)

1. Set a target — what is "acceptable"? (p95 latency, throughput, memory ceiling). Numeric.
2. Measure — find the real bottleneck with a profiler/APM/benchmark; don't start from a guess.
3. Fix the single most expensive thing — Amdahl: speeding up a 5% path by 2x is wasted; target the hot path.
4. Measure again — did it actually improve, is there a regression.
5. Stop — once you hit the target, finish; no endless micro-optimization.

Common bottlenecks

Catalog of common bottlenecks + fixes to consult: references/bottlenecks.md.

Measurement tips

• Measure under load (a single request misleads); with a realistic data volume.
• Not p50, but p95/p99 — tail latency is what burns the user.
• Don't trust micro-benchmarks; an end-to-end profile is more honest.

Invariant rules

1. Don't optimize without measuring — a change without a profile = a guess.
2. Target the hot path — don't speed up the small share.
3. Don't break correctness — don't sacrifice behavior/edge cases for speed.
4. Complexity budget — make an optimization that seriously hurts readability only if there is a measured gain; comment it.
5. Stop once you hit the target — YAGNI; no premature/excessive optimization.