nejm-figures-tables

Clinical Display Items (nejm-figures-tables)

When to trigger

• Table 1 reports P values comparing randomized groups (current guidance discourages this).
• A Kaplan–Meier plot has no numbers-at-risk row.
• Subgroup results are in text rather than a forest plot.
• The RCT lacks a CONSORT flow diagram, or its denominators don't reconcile.

Table 1 — baseline characteristics by group

Table 1 describes the baseline characteristics of the enrolled population, by group.

• Columns are the randomized/study groups (and often an overall column); rows are characteristics (demographics, key clinical variables, disease severity).
• Do not report P values comparing baseline characteristics in a randomized trial — by design, baseline differences are due to chance. Current guidance is to report standardized differences if balance must be summarized.
• Report continuous variables as mean (SD) or median (IQR) per the distribution; categorical as n (%).
• Denominators must match the analysis populations and the CONSORT flow diagram.

Kaplan–Meier curves (time-to-event)

• Show the survival/event curves per group over the follow-up period.
• A numbers-at-risk row beneath the time axis is required — readers must see how many remain at each time point.
• Consider showing the hazard ratio with 95% CI and the log-rank/Cox result on the panel.
• Censor marks or a clear censoring description; cumulative-incidence curves when competing risks matter.
• Do not extend curves into time ranges where almost no one remains at risk.

Forest plots (subgroups & meta-analyses)

• For subgroup analyses: one row per pre-specified subgroup, the effect estimate with 95% CI, and the interaction P value (see nejm-statistics). A reference line at the null. Make clear which subgroups were pre-specified.
• For meta-analyses: per-study estimates with CIs, weights, the pooled estimate (diamond), and heterogeneity (I², τ²).
• Keep the scale honest (log scale for ratio measures); annotate which direction favors which arm.

CONSORT participant flow diagram (RCTs)

The flow diagram is mandatory for trials (see nejm-reporting): Enrollment → Allocation → Follow-up → Analysis, with excluded/lost numbers and reasons at each stage. Its numbers must reconcile with Table 1 and the analysis populations.

Figure specifications

• Legible at print size; sans-serif labels; avoid tiny fonts and hairlines.
• Show uncertainty: CIs on estimates, error bars defined in the legend, numbers-at-risk on K–M.
• Colorblind-safe palette; do not encode group by color alone (use line style/markers too).
• Each legend stands alone: what is shown, the groups, the statistic, n, and the error/CI definition.
• De-identify any patient images; remove protected health information from all panels (see nejm-ethics).

Output format

【Table 1】 by group, n(%)/mean(SD)/median(IQR), NO baseline P values (standardized diffs ok)? yes/no
【Kaplan–Meier】 numbers-at-risk row present? HR+CI shown? censoring clear? yes/no
【Forest plot】 subgroups pre-specified + interaction P? / meta heterogeneity reported? yes/no
【CONSORT flow diagram】 present and reconciles with Table 1 + analysis n? yes/no
【Figure specs】 CIs shown / colorblind-safe / legends standalone / de-identified? yes/no
【Fixes】 [...]
【Next】 nejm-ethics

Anti-patterns

• Do not put P values on baseline-comparison rows of Table 1 in a randomized trial.
• Do not show a Kaplan–Meier curve without a numbers-at-risk row.
• Do not bury subgroup results in prose — use a forest plot with interaction tests.
• Do not let the CONSORT flow numbers disagree with Table 1 or the analyzed populations.
• Do not display identifiable patient images or PHI.