sap-abap

SAP ABAP Development Skill

Related Skills

• sap-abap-cds: Use when developing CDS views for ABAP-backed Fiori applications or defining data models with annotations
• sap-btp-cloud-platform: Use when working with ABAP Environment on BTP or deploying ABAP applications to the cloud
• sap-cap-capire: Use when connecting ABAP systems with CAP applications or integrating with OData services
• sap-fiori-tools: Use when building Fiori applications with ABAP backends or consuming OData services from ABAP systems
• sap-api-style: Use when documenting ABAP APIs or following SAP API documentation standards

Version Compatibility

This skill covers ABAP syntax from 7.40 SP08 through ABAP Cloud. Features requiring a higher release are annotated with inline comments in code examples using the format " [7.xx+] or noted in reference files. The table below summarizes the key version boundaries.

Feature	7.40 SP02	7.40 SP05	7.40 SP08	7.50	7.51	7.52	7.54
Inline declarations DATA(...)	x	x	x	x	x	x	x
Constructor operators (VALUE, NEW, CONV, COND, SWITCH, REF, EXACT, CAST)	x	x	x	x	x	x	x
Table expressions itab[...]	x	x	x	x	x	x	x
String templates	x	x	x	x	x	x	x
WITH EMPTY KEY	x	x	x	x	x	x	x
line_exists(), line_index()	x	x	x	x	x	x	x
ABAP SQL: @ host variables		x	x	x	x	x	x
ABAP SQL: comma-separated lists		x	x	x	x	x	x
ABAP SQL: SQL expressions in SELECT		x	x	x	x	x	x
CORRESPONDING operator		x	x	x	x	x	x
Table comprehensions (FOR)		x	x	x	x	x	x
LET expressions		x	x	x	x	x	x
REDUCE operator			x	x	x	x	x
FILTER operator			x	x	x	x	x
BASE addition			x	x	x	x	x
LOOP AT ... GROUP BY			x	x	x	x	x
ABAP SQL: dbtab~* in SELECT			x	x	x	x	x
ABAP SQL: RIGHT OUTER JOIN		x	x	x	x	x	x
CDS views with parameters			x	x	x	x	x
FINAL(...) inline declaration				x	x	x	x
Host expressions @( expr )				x	x	x	x
UNION in SELECT				x	x	x	x
IS INSTANCE OF / CASE TYPE OF				x	x	x	x
int8 type				x	x	x	x
CDS table functions				x	x	x	x
CDS access control (implicit)				x	x	x	x
$session.user/client/system_language				x	x	x	x
Test seams (TEST-SEAM)				x	x	x	x
Common Table Expressions (WITH)					x	x	x
OFFSET in SELECT					x	x	x
UPPER/LOWER in CDS					x	x	x
Enumerated types					x	x	x
Internal tables as data source FROM @itab						x	x
WITH PRIVILEGED ACCESS						x	x
utclong type and functions							x

On a 7.40 system: Replace any FINAL(...) with DATA(...), and avoid 7.50+ features marked in bold above. Most modern ABAP syntax (VALUE, NEW, CONV, inline declarations, table expressions, REDUCE, FILTER, GROUP BY) is available since 7.40 SP08.

Table of Contents

• Version Compatibility
• Quick Reference
• Bundled Resources
• Common Patterns
• Error Catalog
• Performance Tips
• Source Documentation

Quick Reference

Data Types and Declarations

" Elementary types
DATA num TYPE i VALUE 123.
DATA txt TYPE string VALUE `Hello`.
DATA flag TYPE abap_bool VALUE abap_true.

" Inline declarations
DATA(result) = some_method( ).
FINAL(immutable) = `constant value`.              " [7.50+] Use DATA(...) on 7.40

" Structures
DATA: BEGIN OF struc,
        id   TYPE i,
        name TYPE string,
      END OF struc.

" Internal tables
DATA itab TYPE TABLE OF string WITH EMPTY KEY.
DATA sorted_tab TYPE SORTED TABLE OF struct WITH UNIQUE KEY id.
DATA hashed_tab TYPE HASHED TABLE OF struct WITH UNIQUE KEY id.

Internal Tables - Essential Operations

" Create with VALUE
itab = VALUE #( ( col1 = 1 col2 = `a` )
                ( col1 = 2 col2 = `b` ) ).

" Read operations
DATA(line) = itab[ 1 ].                    " By index
DATA(line2) = itab[ col1 = 1 ].            " By key
READ TABLE itab INTO wa INDEX 1.
READ TABLE itab ASSIGNING FIELD-SYMBOL(<fs>) WITH KEY col1 = 1.

" Modify operations
MODIFY TABLE itab FROM VALUE #( col1 = 1 col2 = `updated` ).
itab[ 1 ]-col2 = `changed`.

" Loop processing
LOOP AT itab ASSIGNING FIELD-SYMBOL(<line>).
  <line>-col2 = to_upper( <line>-col2 ).
ENDLOOP.

" Delete
DELETE itab WHERE col1 > 5.
DELETE TABLE itab FROM VALUE #( col1 = 1 ).

ABAP SQL Essentials

" SELECT into table
SELECT * FROM dbtab INTO TABLE @DATA(result_tab).   " @ syntax: 7.40 SP05+

" SELECT with conditions
SELECT carrid, connid, fldate                          " comma syntax: 7.40 SP05+
  FROM zdemo_abap_fli
  WHERE carrid = 'LH'
  INTO TABLE @DATA(flights).

" Aggregate functions
SELECT carrid, COUNT(*) AS cnt, AVG( price ) AS avg_price
  FROM zdemo_abap_fli
  GROUP BY carrid
  INTO TABLE @DATA(stats).

" JOIN operations
SELECT a~carrid, a~connid, b~carrname
  FROM zdemo_abap_fli AS a
  INNER JOIN zdemo_abap_carr AS b ON a~carrid = b~carrid
  INTO TABLE @DATA(joined).

" Modification statements
INSERT dbtab FROM @struc.
UPDATE dbtab FROM @struc.
MODIFY dbtab FROM TABLE @itab.
DELETE FROM dbtab WHERE condition.

Constructor Expressions

" VALUE - structures and tables
DATA(struc) = VALUE struct_type( comp1 = 1 comp2 = `text` ).
DATA(itab) = VALUE itab_type( ( a = 1 ) ( a = 2 ) ( a = 3 ) ).

" NEW - create instances
DATA(dref) = NEW i( 123 ).
DATA(oref) = NEW zcl_my_class( param = value ).

" CORRESPONDING - structure/table mapping
target = CORRESPONDING #( source ).
target = CORRESPONDING #( source MAPPING target_field = source_field ).

" COND/SWITCH - conditional values
DATA(text) = COND string( WHEN flag = abap_true THEN `Yes` ELSE `No` ).
DATA(result) = SWITCH #( code WHEN 1 THEN `A` WHEN 2 THEN `B` ELSE `X` ).

" CONV - type conversion
DATA(dec) = CONV decfloat34( 1 / 3 ).

" FILTER - table filtering
DATA(filtered) = FILTER #( itab WHERE status = 'A' ).

" REDUCE - aggregation
DATA(sum) = REDUCE i( INIT s = 0 FOR wa IN itab NEXT s = s + wa-amount ).

Object-Oriented ABAP

" Class definition
CLASS zcl_example DEFINITION PUBLIC FINAL CREATE PUBLIC.
  PUBLIC SECTION.
    METHODS constructor IMPORTING iv_name TYPE string.
    METHODS get_name RETURNING VALUE(rv_name) TYPE string.
    CLASS-METHODS factory RETURNING VALUE(ro_instance) TYPE REF TO zcl_example.
  PRIVATE SECTION.
    DATA mv_name TYPE string.
ENDCLASS.

CLASS zcl_example IMPLEMENTATION.
  METHOD constructor.
    mv_name = iv_name.
  ENDMETHOD.
  METHOD get_name.
    rv_name = mv_name.
  ENDMETHOD.
  METHOD factory.
    ro_instance = NEW #( `Default` ).
  ENDMETHOD.
ENDCLASS.

" Interface implementation
CLASS zcl_impl DEFINITION PUBLIC.
  PUBLIC SECTION.
    INTERFACES zif_my_interface.
ENDCLASS.

Exception Handling

TRY.
    DATA(result) = risky_operation( ).
  CATCH cx_sy_zerodivide INTO DATA(exc).
    DATA(msg) = exc->get_text( ).
  CATCH cx_root INTO DATA(any_exc).
    " Handle any exception
  CLEANUP.
    " Cleanup code
ENDTRY.

" Raising exceptions
RAISE EXCEPTION TYPE zcx_my_exception
  EXPORTING textid = zcx_my_exception=>error_occurred.

" With COND/SWITCH
DATA(val) = COND #( WHEN valid THEN result
                    ELSE THROW zcx_my_exception( ) ).

String Processing

" Concatenation
DATA(full) = first && ` ` && last.
txt &&= ` appended`.

" String templates
DATA(msg) = |Name: { name }, Date: { date DATE = ISO }|.

" Functions
DATA(upper) = to_upper( text ).
DATA(len) = strlen( text ).
DATA(found) = find( val = text sub = `search` ).
DATA(replaced) = replace( val = text sub = `old` with = `new` occ = 0 ).
DATA(parts) = segment( val = text index = 2 sep = `,` ).

" FIND/REPLACE statements
FIND ALL OCCURRENCES OF pattern IN text RESULTS DATA(matches).
REPLACE ALL OCCURRENCES OF old IN text WITH new.

Dynamic Programming

" Field symbols
FIELD-SYMBOLS <fs> TYPE any.
ASSIGN struct-component TO <fs>.
ASSIGN struct-(comp_name) TO <fs>.  " Dynamic component

" Data references
DATA dref TYPE REF TO data.
dref = REF #( variable ).
CREATE DATA dref TYPE (type_name).
dref->* = value.

" RTTI - Get type information
DATA(tdo) = cl_abap_typedescr=>describe_by_data( dobj ).
DATA(components) = CAST cl_abap_structdescr( tdo )->components.

" RTTC - Create types dynamically
DATA(elem_type) = cl_abap_elemdescr=>get_string( ).
CREATE DATA dref TYPE HANDLE elem_type.

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Bundled Resources

This skill includes 28 comprehensive reference files covering all aspects of ABAP development:

Related Skills

• sap-abap-cds: For CDS view development and ABAP Cloud data modeling
• sap-btp-cloud-platform: For ABAP Environment setup and BTP deployment
• sap-cap-capire: For CAP service integration and ABAP system connections
• sap-fiori-tools: For Fiori application development with ABAP backends
• sap-api-style: For API documentation standards and best practices

Quick Access

• Reference Guide: references/skill-reference-guide.md - Complete guide to all reference files
• Internal Tables: references/internal-tables.md - Complete table operations
• ABAP SQL: references/abap-sql.md - Comprehensive SQL reference
• Object Orientation: references/object-orientation.md - Classes and interfaces

Development Topics

• references/constructor-expressions.md - VALUE, NEW, COND, REDUCE
• references/rap-eml.md - RAP and EML operations
• references/cds-views.md - CDS view development
• references/string-processing.md - String functions and regex
• references/unit-testing.md - ABAP Unit framework
• references/performance.md - Optimization techniques
• ... and 18 more specialized references

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Common Patterns

Safe Table Access (Avoid Exceptions)

" Using VALUE with OPTIONAL
DATA(line) = VALUE #( itab[ key = value ] OPTIONAL ).

" Using VALUE with DEFAULT
DATA(line) = VALUE #( itab[ 1 ] DEFAULT VALUE #( ) ).

" Check before access
IF line_exists( itab[ key = value ] ).
  DATA(line) = itab[ key = value ].
ENDIF.

Functional Method Chaining

DATA(result) = NEW zcl_builder( )
  ->set_name( `Test` )
  ->set_value( 123 )
  ->build( ).

FOR Iteration Expressions

" Transform table
DATA(transformed) = VALUE itab_type(
  FOR wa IN source_itab
  ( id = wa-id name = to_upper( wa-name ) ) ).

" With WHERE
DATA(filtered) = VALUE itab_type(
  FOR wa IN source WHERE ( status = 'A' )
  ( wa ) ).

" With INDEX INTO
DATA(numbered) = VALUE itab_type(
  FOR wa IN source INDEX INTO idx
  ( line_no = idx data = wa ) ).

ABAP Cloud Compatibility

" Use released APIs only
DATA(uuid) = cl_system_uuid=>create_uuid_x16_static( ).
DATA(date) = xco_cp=>sy->date( )->as( xco_cp_time=>format->iso_8601_extended )->value.
DATA(time) = xco_cp=>sy->time( )->as( xco_cp_time=>format->iso_8601_extended )->value.

" Output in cloud (if_oo_adt_classrun)
out->write( result ).

" Avoid: sy-datum, sy-uzeit, DESCRIBE TABLE, WRITE, MOVE...TO

ABAP 7.40 Compatibility

When targeting ABAP 7.40 systems, replace 7.50+ syntax with these patterns:

" Instead of FINAL (7.50+):
FINAL(value) = `constant`.              " 7.50+
DATA(value) = `constant`.               " 7.40 compatible

" Instead of host expressions (7.50+):
SELECT * FROM dbtab WHERE col = @( lv_val ).   " 7.50+
SELECT * FROM dbtab WHERE col = @lv_val.        " 7.40 compatible

" Instead of UNION (7.50+):
SELECT a FROM tab1 UNION SELECT a FROM tab2.    " 7.50+
" Use two separate SELECTs on 7.40 and combine in ABAP:
SELECT a FROM tab1 INTO TABLE @DATA(r1).
SELECT a FROM tab2 INTO TABLE @DATA(r2).
DATA(combined) = VALUE itab_type( FOR l1 IN r1 ( l1 )
                                  FOR l2 IN r2 ( l2 ) ).

" Instead of IS INSTANCE OF (7.50+):
IF oref IS INSTANCE OF zcl_my_class.    " 7.50+
" 7.40 alternative — use typed CAST with exception handling:
TRY.
    DATA(lo) = CAST zcl_my_class( oref ).  " 7.40+
  CATCH cx_sy_move_cast_error.
    " oref is not compatible with zcl_my_class
ENDTRY.

" Instead of CTEs WITH (7.51+):
WITH +cte AS ( SELECT ... ) SELECT ...  " 7.51+
" Use subqueries or temporary tables on 7.40

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Error Catalog

CX_SY_ITAB_LINE_NOT_FOUND

Cause: Table expression access to non-existent line Solution: Use OPTIONAL, DEFAULT, or check with line_exists( )

CX_SY_ZERODIVIDE

Cause: Division by zero Solution: Check divisor before operation

CX_SY_RANGE_OUT_OF_BOUNDS

Cause: Invalid substring access or array bounds Solution: Validate offset and length before access

CX_SY_CONVERSION_NO_NUMBER

Cause: String cannot be converted to number Solution: Validate input format before conversion

CX_SY_REF_IS_INITIAL

Cause: Dereferencing unbound reference Solution: Check IS BOUND before dereferencing

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Performance Tips

1. Use SORTED/HASHED tables for frequent key access
2. Prefer field symbols over work areas in loops for modification
3. Use PACKAGE SIZE for large SELECT results
4. Avoid SELECT in loops - use FOR ALL ENTRIES or JOINs
5. Use secondary keys for different access patterns
6. Minimize CORRESPONDING calls - explicit assignments are faster

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Source Documentation

All content based on SAP official ABAP Cheat Sheets:

• Repository: https://github.com/SAP-samples/abap-cheat-sheets
• SAP Help (latest): https://help.sap.com/doc/abapdocu_latest_index_htm/latest/en-US/index.htm
• SAP Help (7.40): https://help.sap.com/doc/abapdocu_740_index_htm/7.40/en-US/index.htm
• ABAP Release News: https://github.com/SAP-samples/abap-cheat-sheets/blob/main/33_ABAP_Release_News.md