makepad-2.0-performance

Makepad 2.0 Performance & Debugging Skill

1. Overview

Makepad 2.0 uses a unique rendering pipeline combined with the Splash script VM. Performance depends on understanding three critical subsystems:

1. Draw Batching - How Makepad groups GPU draw calls and why new_batch: true matters
2. Garbage Collection - The Splash VM's mark-sweep GC with per-type-bucket thresholds
3. Render Triggers - The on_render / .render() system that controls when sub-trees rebuild

Unlike traditional retained-mode UI frameworks, Makepad uses an immediate-mode-inspired draw pipeline where widgets emit draw commands into a sorted batch list. Understanding this pipeline is essential for diagnosing invisible text, flickering, and performance regressions.

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2. Draw Batching System

How It Works

Makepad automatically batches consecutive draw calls that use the same shader into a single GPU draw call. This is a major performance optimization, but it has a critical side effect: draw order can be surprising.

Draw pipeline (simplified):

Widget tree:          GPU batches (default):

  View (bg shader)      Batch 1: all bg shaders
    Label (text)   -->  Batch 2: all text shaders
  View (bg shader)
    Label (text)        Result: ALL backgrounds draw first,
                                then ALL text draws second

When a View has show_bg: true AND contains text children, the text can end up behind the background because both text draws get batched together into a single draw call that executes before (or after) the background draw calls.

new_batch: true

Setting new_batch: true on a View forces Makepad to start a new draw batch at that point. This creates a ViewOptimize::DrawList internally, which ensures proper draw ordering within that View's subtree.

// PROBLEM: Label text is invisible - batched behind the background
RoundedView{
    width: Fill height: Fit
    draw_bg.color: #1e1e2e
    Label{text: "This text is INVISIBLE"}
}

// FIX: new_batch ensures background draws before text
RoundedView{
    width: Fill height: Fit
    new_batch: true
    draw_bg.color: #1e1e2e
    Label{text: "This text is VISIBLE"}
}

When new_batch: true Is Required

Scenario	Required?	Why
View with show_bg: true containing Labels	YES	Text batches behind background
View with hover animator + text children	YES	Hover bg covers text on activation
Container of repeated items with backgrounds	YES	Each item and the container need it
Transparent View (no show_bg) with Labels	NO	No background to overlap
View with only non-text children (e.g., icons)	NO	Same shader type - no overlap issue
Deeply nested Views each with backgrounds	YES on each	Each background layer needs its own batch

Hover Effects and new_batch

This is the number one mistake with hoverable list items. When a View has show_bg: true with a hover animator that transitions from transparent (#0000) to opaque on hover, the text disappears on hover because the newly-opaque background covers the batched text.

// CORRECT: Hoverable item with new_batch
let HoverItem = View{
    width: Fill height: Fit
    new_batch: true
    show_bg: true
    draw_bg +: {
        color: uniform(#0000)
        color_hover: uniform(#fff2)
        hover: instance(0.0)
    }
    animator: Animator{
        hover: {
            default: {
                from: {all: Forward{duration: 0.1}}
                apply: {draw_bg: {hover: 0.0}}
            }
            on: {
                from: {all: Forward{duration: 0.1}}
                apply: {draw_bg: {hover: 1.0}}
            }
        }
    }
    label := Label{text: "item" draw_text.color: #fff}
}

// Parent container of hover items also needs new_batch
RoundedView{
    flow: Down height: Fit new_batch: true
    draw_bg.color: #2a2a3d
    draw_bg.border_radius: 8.0
    HoverItem{label.text: "First item"}
    HoverItem{label.text: "Second item"}
}

ViewOptimize Internals

The new_batch and texture_caching properties map to a ViewOptimize enum:

ViewOptimize::None      - Default. No special draw ordering.
ViewOptimize::DrawList  - Created by new_batch: true. Starts a new DrawList2d.
ViewOptimize::Texture   - Created by texture_caching: true. Renders to offscreen texture.

Priority: texture_caching takes precedence over new_batch if both are set.

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3. Texture Caching

How It Works

Setting texture_caching: true on a View renders its entire child sub-tree to an offscreen GPU texture. On subsequent frames, if nothing in the sub-tree has changed, Makepad can skip re-rendering the children and just blit the cached texture.

// Cache a complex but rarely-changing sidebar
sidebar := View{
    width: 280 height: Fill
    texture_caching: true
    flow: Down spacing: 4
    // ... many child widgets ...
}

Pre-Built Cached Views

Makepad provides pre-styled cached views:

Widget	Description
CachedView	Texture-cached rectangle container
CachedRoundedView	Texture-cached rounded rectangle

When to Use Texture Caching

Good candidates:

• Complex static sidebars or toolbars that rarely change
• Large widget sub-trees with many nested backgrounds and text
• Decorative panels with shader effects

Bad candidates:

• Frequently updating views (e.g., animation targets, live data)
• Small simple views (overhead exceeds benefit)
• Views that contain scrolling content (CachedView wraps the whole content, not the viewport)

Trade-offs

Benefit	Cost
Reduces per-frame draw call count	Uses GPU memory for cached texture
Avoids re-traversing large sub-trees	Texture must be invalidated on change
Can eliminate batching issues (the texture resolves draw order)	DPI factor affects texture resolution

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4. Garbage Collection (mod.gc)

Architecture

The Splash VM uses a mark-and-sweep garbage collector with isolated heaps for different value types:

Heap Layout:
  +-- Objects (ScriptObject)    -- Primary allocation type
  +-- Arrays  (ScriptArray)     -- Typed arrays and value arrays
  +-- Strings (ScriptString)    -- Interned strings
  +-- Pods    (ScriptPod)       -- Pod values (vec2, vec3, vec4, etc.)
  +-- Handles (ScriptHandle)    -- Native Rust handles
  +-- Regexes (ScriptRegex)     -- Interned regex patterns

Automatic GC Triggering

The GC uses a growth-based heuristic similar to Lua and V8:

• Growth Factor: 2x - GC triggers when any heap category doubles since last GC
• Minimum Thresholds (to avoid thrashing on small heaps):

Category	Minimum Before GC Can Trigger
Objects	1,024
Strings	256
Arrays	128
Pods	128
Handles	64

GC triggers when: current_count >= MIN_THRESHOLD AND current_count >= last_gc_count * 2

Script API

mod.gc.run() - Force a GC cycle immediately. Silent (no log output).

mod.gc.run_status() - Force a GC cycle and print detailed statistics:

GC 142us: obj[S:1200 A:340 R:89] arr[S:45 A:12 R:3] str[S:890 A:120 R:15] ...

Where S=static (permanent), A=alive (survived), R=removed (freed).

mod.gc.set_static(value) - Mark a value and its entire reachable object graph as static. Static objects:

• Are never collected by GC (permanent)
• Are skipped during GC mark phase (faster GC traversal)
• Cannot be un-marked (irreversible within the VM lifetime)

mod.gc.dump_tag(value) - Debug tool. Prints internal tag information for an object: type index, static flag, proto chain.

Best Practices

Pattern: Static UI Trees

For large, stable UI tree definitions (like a Dock with many tabs), mark them as static immediately after definition. This is the standard pattern used in the Studio and UIZoo examples:

// Define a large widget tree
let AppDock = Dock{
    // ... tabs, splitters, content templates ...
    TabEditor := TabEditor{}
    TabFileTree := TabFileTree{}
    TabSettings := TabSettings{}
}

// Mark the entire tree as static - it will never be GC'd
mod.gc.set_static(AppDock)

// Run GC immediately to clean up any temporaries from tree construction
mod.gc.run()

// Now start the app
startup() do #(App::script_component(vm)){
    ui: Root{
        main_window := Window{
            body +: {
                // ... use AppDock here ...
            }
        }
    }
}

Pattern: Dynamic Content

For dynamic content (lists, user-generated items, chat messages), let the automatic GC handle cleanup:

// Dynamic data - no need to call mod.gc manually
var todos = []

fn add_todo(text) {
    todos.push({text: text done: false})
    ui.main_view.render()
    // Automatic GC will clean up old unreachable objects
}

fn delete_todo(index) {
    todos.splice(index, 1)
    ui.main_view.render()
    // Old todo object becomes unreachable, will be collected automatically
}

Pattern: Periodic Manual GC for Long-Running Apps

For apps that create and destroy many objects (e.g., chat applications with streaming responses):

var message_count = 0

fn on_new_message(msg) {
    messages.push(msg)
    message_count += 1

    // Every 100 messages, run GC to reclaim temporary parsing objects
    if message_count % 100 == 0 {
        mod.gc.run()
    }

    ui.message_list.render()
}

GC Mark Phase Details

The mark phase traverses from roots:

1. Type check prototypes
2. Type defaults objects
3. Pod type defaults and objects
4. Root objects (held by Rust via ScriptObjectRef)
5. Root arrays (held by Rust via ScriptArrayRef)
6. Root handles (held by Rust via ScriptHandleRef)
7. Thread stacks (all live values on VM execution stacks)
8. Thread scopes
9. Method call contexts
10. Loop source values
11. Trap error/return/bail values
12. Script body scopes and tokenizer string literals
13. Native type table objects

Static objects are skipped during traversal since they only reference other static values.

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5. Render Optimization

The on_render / .render() System

Makepad 2.0 uses a pull-based rendering model for dynamic content. The on_render callback on a View only executes when .render() is called on that View.

// Define a reactive view
counter_view := View{
    on_render: || {
        Label{
            text: "Count: " + state.counter
            draw_text.color: #fff
        }
    }
}

// In event handler - only re-render what changed
fn increment() {
    state.counter += 1
    ui.counter_view.render()   // Only this view re-renders
}

Rules for Efficient Rendering

1. NEVER call .render() unnecessarily - Each call completely rebuilds that sub-tree's widget output.

2. Render only affected sub-trees - If only a list changed, render only the list view, not the entire UI.

3. Avoid rendering in tight loops - Batch state changes, then render once:

// BAD: renders 100 times
for i in 0..100 {
    items[i].value = compute(i)
    ui.item_list.render()    // WASTEFUL - rebuilds list 100 times
}

// GOOD: render once after all changes
for i in 0..100 {
    items[i].value = compute(i)
}
ui.item_list.render()        // Render once with all changes applied

4. Use on_startup for initial render - Trigger the first render when the app starts:

ui: Root{
    on_startup: || {
        ui.main_view.render()
    }
    main_window := Window{
        body +: {
            main_view := View{
                on_render: || {
                    // ... dynamic content ...
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

Render Scope

When .render() is called on a View, only that View's on_render callback executes. Child Views with their own on_render callbacks will NOT automatically re-render unless their .render() is also called (or they are reconstructed by the parent's on_render).

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6. Debug Logging

Rust-Side Logging

Use the log! macro from Makepad's error log system:

use makepad_widgets::*;

// In Rust code
log!("Button clicked, counter = {}", self.counter);
log!("Widget action: {:?}", action);

Script-Side Logging

In Splash scripts, you can use log() or string interpolation for debugging:

fn handle_click() {
    let value = compute_something()
    // Log values during development
    log("computed value: " + value)
}

GC Status Logging

Use mod.gc.run_status() to get a detailed breakdown of GC activity:

// Output example:
// GC 142us: obj[S:1200 A:340 R:89] arr[S:45 A:12 R:3] str[S:890 A:120 R:15]
//           hdl[S:8 A:2 R:0] pod[S:200 A:45 R:10] rex[S:3 A:0 R:0]

Fields:

• Time (142us) - GC cycle duration in microseconds
• S (Static) - Objects permanently marked, never collected
• A (Alive) - Objects that survived this GC cycle
• R (Removed) - Objects freed in this cycle

Tag Debugging

For deep debugging of specific objects, use mod.gc.dump_tag(value):

let my_widget = View{...}
mod.gc.dump_tag(my_widget)
// Output: obj 4523 type_index=Some(12) is_static=false proto=Some(89) ...

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7. Common Performance Issues & Fixes

Issue	Cause	Fix
Text invisible	Missing new_batch	Add new_batch: true to parent View with show_bg: true
Text disappears on hover	Batch overlap during hover animation	Add new_batch: true to the hoverable View
UI freezes / stutters	Excessive .render() calls	Batch state changes, render only changed sub-trees
Memory growing unbounded	GC not running or large static leaks	Use mod.gc.set_static() for stable trees, let auto GC handle dynamic content
Slow initial load	Large script evaluation at startup	Split into modules, use lazy loading patterns
Scroll stuttering	Too many items rendering	Use PortalList for virtualized rendering
Hover not responding	View missing show_bg: true	Views need show_bg: true to receive mouse events for hover
Widget not found at runtime	Wrong naming operator	Use := (not :) for named/addressable children
Style overrides not applying	Missing merge operator	Use +: to merge properties, not : which replaces entirely
Layout collapsed to zero	Missing height: Fit	All containers need explicit height: Fit or a fixed height

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8. PortalList for Large Lists

Why PortalList

PortalList virtualizes rendering -- only items visible in the viewport are drawn. This is mandatory for lists with 100+ items. Without it, all items are drawn every frame regardless of visibility.

Script-Side PortalList (with on_render)

For Splash-driven lists, define the PortalList with templates and use on_render:

list := PortalList{
    width: Fill height: Fill
    flow: Down spacing: 4
    scroll_bar: ScrollBar{}
    Item := View{
        width: Fill height: Fit
        padding: 8
        new_batch: true
        draw_bg.color: #2a2a3d
        label := Label{text: "" draw_text.color: #ddd}
    }
}

Rust-Side PortalList (with Widget trait)

For Rust-driven rendering, implement the Widget trait:

impl Widget for MyList {
    fn draw_walk(&mut self, cx: &mut Cx2d, scope: &mut Scope, walk: Walk) -> DrawStep {
        while let Some(item) = self.view.draw_walk(cx, scope, walk).step() {
            if let Some(mut list) = item.borrow_mut::<PortalList>() {
                list.set_item_range(cx, 0, self.items.len());

                while let Some(item_id) = list.next_visible_item(cx) {
                    let template = id!(Item);
                    let item = list.item(cx, item_id, template);
                    item.label(ids!(label)).set_text(cx, &self.items[item_id].text);
                    item.draw_all(cx, &mut Scope::empty());
                }
            }
        }
        DrawStep::done()
    }
}

FlatList vs PortalList

Feature	FlatList	PortalList
Virtualization	No	Yes
Suitable for	< 100 items	Any number of items
Memory usage	All items in memory	Only visible items
Scroll performance	Degrades with count	Constant

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9. ViewOptimize Options Summary

Property	ViewOptimize Value	Effect
(default)	None	Standard batched drawing
new_batch: true	DrawList	New draw batch, proper draw ordering
texture_caching: true	Texture	Render children to offscreen texture
visible: false	N/A	Skip rendering entirely

Priority: If both texture_caching and new_batch are set, texture_caching wins (becomes ViewOptimize::Texture).

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10. Debugging Checklist

UI Not Showing

• Check height: Fit on all containers (default height: Fill inside a Fit parent = 0 height)
• Check width: Fill on root container (never use fixed pixel width on outermost element)
• Verify use mod.prelude.widgets.* is at the top of the script

Text Invisible

• Add new_batch: true to any View with show_bg: true that contains text
• Check draw_text.color is not transparent or same as background
• Verify the Label is a direct or properly-batched child

Text Disappears on Hover

• Add new_batch: true to the hoverable View
• Ensure the container of hoverable items also has new_batch: true

Clicks Not Working

• Check := vs : -- use := for named/dynamic children you reference
• Verify show_bg: true is set for Views that need mouse events
• Check grab_key_focus if keyboard events are needed

Widget Not Found

• Verify #(WidgetName::register_widget(vm)) registration in script_mod
• Check that crate::makepad_widgets::script_mod(vm) is called before custom registrations
• Verify widget crate is a dependency in Cargo.toml

Script Errors

• Use log() to debug values during execution
• Use mod.gc.run_status() to check heap statistics
• Use mod.gc.dump_tag(value) to inspect object internals

Style Not Applying

• Use +: merge operator for extending existing styles: draw_bg +: { color: #fff }
• Use : only when you want to fully replace a property
• Check dot-path syntax: draw_bg.color: #fff is shorthand for draw_bg +: { color: #fff }

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11. Profiling with Studio

Makepad Studio includes a built-in profiler for monitoring application performance.

Studio Remote Protocol

Studio can connect to running applications and provide:

• Screenshots - Capture current frame state
• Widget Tree Dumps - Inspect the live widget hierarchy
• Widget Queries - Find specific widgets by ID
• Performance Monitoring - Frame times, draw call counts

Using Studio for Performance Debugging

1. Start Studio remote:

cargo run -p cargo-makepad --release -- studio --studio=127.0.0.1:8001

2. Run your app through Studio:

{"Run":{"mount":"makepad","process":"makepad-example-myapp","args":[]}}

3. Capture widget tree to identify render structure:

{"WidgetTreeDump":{"build_id":BUILD_ID}}

4. Take screenshots to verify visual state:

{"Screenshot":{"build_id":BUILD_ID}}

Identifying Hot Render Paths

• Use WidgetTreeDump to see how many widgets are in the tree
• Look for deeply nested View hierarchies that could benefit from texture_caching
• Identify repeated items that should use PortalList instead of manual loops
• Check for Views with new_batch: true that might not need it (each new batch = new draw list)

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12. Quick Reference Card

Performance Properties on View

// Force new GPU draw batch (fixes text-behind-background)
new_batch: true

// Cache children to GPU texture (reduces draw calls for stable subtrees)
texture_caching: true

// Hide without removing from tree (skip rendering entirely)
visible: false

GC API

mod.gc.set_static(value)    // Mark value tree as permanent
mod.gc.run()                // Force GC cycle (silent)
mod.gc.run_status()         // Force GC cycle with log output
mod.gc.dump_tag(value)      // Debug: print object tag info

Render API

ui.widget_name.render()     // Trigger on_render for specific widget

GC Thresholds (Automatic Trigger)

Objects:  >= 1024 AND >= 2x since last GC
Strings:  >= 256  AND >= 2x since last GC
Arrays:   >= 128  AND >= 2x since last GC
Pods:     >= 128  AND >= 2x since last GC
Handles:  >= 64   AND >= 2x since last GC