dotnet-version-upgrade

Comprehensive guide for .NET version upgrade planning and execution. This skill consumes the structured output from [skill:dotnet-version-detection] (current TFM, SDK version, preview flags) and provides actionable upgrade guidance based on three defined upgrade lanes. Covers TFM migration, package updates, breaking change detection, deprecated API replacement, and test validation.

Out of scope: TFM detection logic (owned by [skill:dotnet-version-detection]), multi-targeting project setup and polyfill strategies (see [skill:dotnet-multi-targeting]), cloud deployment configuration, CI/CD pipeline changes.

Cross-references: [skill:dotnet-version-detection] for TFM resolution and version matrix, [skill:dotnet-multi-targeting] for polyfill-first multi-targeting strategies when maintaining backward compatibility during migration.

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Upgrade Lanes

Select the appropriate upgrade lane based on project requirements and ecosystem constraints.

Lane	Path	Use Case	Risk Level
Production (default)	net8.0 -> net10.0	LTS-to-LTS, recommended for most apps	Low -- both endpoints are LTS with long support windows
Staged production	net8.0 -> net9.0 -> net10.0	When ecosystem dependencies require incremental migration	Medium -- intermediate STS version has shorter support
Experimental	net10.0 -> net11.0 (preview)	Non-production exploration of upcoming features	High -- preview APIs may change or be removed

Lane Selection Decision Flow

1. Are all your NuGet dependencies available on the target LTS? Yes -> Production lane (direct LTS-to-LTS).
2. Do any dependencies require an intermediate version? Yes -> Staged production lane.
3. Are you exploring preview features for R&D or proof-of-concept? Yes -> Experimental lane.

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Production Lane: LTS-to-LTS (net8.0 -> net10.0)

The recommended default upgrade path. Both .NET 8 and .NET 10 are Long-Term Support releases, providing a stable migration with well-documented breaking changes.

Upgrade Checklist

Step 1: Update TFM in project files

<!-- Before -->
<PropertyGroup>
  <TargetFramework>net8.0</TargetFramework>
</PropertyGroup>

<!-- After -->
<PropertyGroup>
  <TargetFramework>net10.0</TargetFramework>
</PropertyGroup>

For solutions with shared properties:

<!-- Directory.Build.props -->
<PropertyGroup>
  <TargetFramework>net10.0</TargetFramework>
</PropertyGroup>

Step 2: Update global.json SDK version

{
  "sdk": {
    "version": "10.0.100",
    "rollForward": "latestFeature"
  }
}

Step 3: Update NuGet packages

Use dotnet-outdated to detect stale packages and identify which packages need updates for TFM compatibility:

# Install dotnet-outdated as a global tool
dotnet tool install -g dotnet-outdated-tool

# Check for outdated packages across the solution
dotnet outdated

# Check a specific project
dotnet outdated MyProject/MyProject.csproj

# Auto-upgrade to latest stable versions
dotnet outdated --upgrade

# Upgrade only to the latest minor/patch (safer)
dotnet outdated --upgrade --version-lock major

For ASP.NET Core shared framework packages, update version references to match the target TFM:

<ItemGroup>
  <!-- Match package version to TFM major version -->
  <PackageReference Include="Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc.Testing" Version="10.*" />
  <PackageReference Include="Microsoft.Extensions.Hosting" Version="10.*" />
</ItemGroup>

Step 4: Review breaking changes

# Build to surface warnings and errors
dotnet build --warnaserror

# Run analyzers for deprecated API usage
dotnet build /p:TreatWarningsAsErrors=true

Review the official breaking change lists:

• .NET 9 Breaking Changes
• .NET 10 Breaking Changes

Step 5: Replace deprecated APIs

Common replacements when moving from net8.0 to net10.0:

Deprecated	Replacement	Notes
BinaryFormatter	System.Text.Json or MessagePack	BinaryFormatter throws PlatformNotSupportedException starting in net9.0
Thread.Abort()	Cooperative cancellation via CancellationToken	Thread.Abort() throws PlatformNotSupportedException
WebRequest / HttpWebRequest	HttpClient via IHttpClientFactory	Obsolete (SYSLIB0014), migrate to HttpClient

Recommended modernizations (not deprecated, but improve performance and AOT readiness):

Pattern	Improvement	Notes
Regex without source gen	[GeneratedRegex] attribute	Source-generated regex is faster and AOT-compatible

Step 6: Run tests and validate

# Run full test suite
dotnet test --configuration Release

# Enable trim/AOT analyzers to surface compatibility warnings without publishing
dotnet build --configuration Release /p:EnableTrimAnalyzer=true /p:EnableAotAnalyzer=true

.NET Upgrade Assistant

The .NET Upgrade Assistant automates parts of the migration process. It is most useful for large solutions with many projects.

# Install as a global tool
dotnet tool install -g upgrade-assistant

# Analyze a project (non-destructive, reports recommendations)
upgrade-assistant analyze MyProject/MyProject.csproj

# Perform the upgrade (modifies files)
upgrade-assistant upgrade MyProject/MyProject.csproj

When to use Upgrade Assistant:

• Large solutions with many projects and complex dependency graphs
• Legacy .NET Framework-to-modern-.NET migrations
• When you need a comprehensive dependency analysis before committing to an upgrade

Limitations:

• May not handle all breaking changes -- manual review is still required
• Custom MSBuild extensions and third-party build tooling may need manual adjustment
• Does not update runtime behavior differences -- test coverage is essential
• Not needed for small projects with few dependencies (manual TFM update is simpler)

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Staged Production Lane: net8.0 -> net9.0 -> net10.0

Use the staged lane when direct LTS-to-LTS migration is blocked by ecosystem constraints. Staging through .NET 9 (STS) provides an incremental migration path.

When to Stage Through .NET 9

• Third-party package compatibility: A critical dependency only supports net9.0 (not yet net10.0) and you need to upgrade away from net8.0 now.
• Large breaking change surface: The combined breaking changes from net8.0 to net10.0 are too many to address at once; incremental steps reduce risk.
• Incremental validation: You want to validate behavior changes at each step before proceeding.

.NET 9 Context

.NET 9 is a Standard Term Support (STS) release:

• GA: November 2024
• End of support: May 2026 (18 months from GA)
• C# version: C# 13

Because .NET 9 is approaching end of support, do not stop at net9.0. Plan the second hop (net9.0 -> net10.0) before starting the first.

Staged Upgrade Checklist

Hop 1: net8.0 -> net9.0

1. Update TFM to net9.0 in .csproj / Directory.Build.props
2. Update global.json to SDK 9.0.xxx
3. Run dotnet outdated --upgrade for package updates
4. Review .NET 9 breaking changes
5. Replace deprecated APIs flagged by SYSLIB diagnostics and CS0618 warnings (e.g., BinaryFormatter -> System.Text.Json)
6. Run dotnet test --configuration Release to validate
7. Deploy to staging environment, validate in production with monitoring

Hop 2: net9.0 -> net10.0

1. Update TFM to net10.0 in .csproj / Directory.Build.props
2. Update global.json to SDK 10.0.xxx
3. Run dotnet outdated --upgrade again
4. Review .NET 10 breaking changes
5. Replace any additional deprecated APIs introduced between net9.0 and net10.0
6. Run dotnet test --configuration Release to validate
7. Deploy to staging, remove any net9.0-specific workarounds

Timeline guidance: Complete both hops within the .NET 9 support window (before May 2026). Running production workloads on an unsupported STS release exposes you to unpatched security vulnerabilities.

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Experimental Lane: net10.0 -> net11.0 (Preview)

For non-production exploration of upcoming features. .NET 11 is currently in preview and its APIs may change or be removed before GA.

Guardrails

• Non-production only. Do not deploy preview-targeted code to production environments.
• Separate branch or project. Isolate experimental work from production codebases.
• Pin the preview SDK. Use global.json to lock the specific preview SDK version to avoid silent behavior changes between previews.
• Expect breaking changes between previews. APIs marked [RequiresPreviewFeatures] can change shape between preview releases.

Enabling Preview Features

Step 1: Install the preview SDK

# Verify installed SDKs
dotnet --list-sdks

# Example: 11.0.100-preview.1.xxxxx should appear

Step 2: Pin to preview SDK in global.json

{
  "sdk": {
    "version": "11.0.100-preview.1.25120.13",
    "rollForward": "disable"
  }
}

Use "rollForward": "disable" to prevent automatic SDK version advancement between previews.

Step 3: Set TFM and enable preview features

<PropertyGroup>
  <TargetFramework>net11.0</TargetFramework>
  <LangVersion>preview</LangVersion>
  <EnablePreviewFeatures>true</EnablePreviewFeatures>
</PropertyGroup>

Step 4: Enable runtime-async (optional)

Runtime-async moves async/await from compiler-generated state machines to runtime-level execution, reducing allocations and improving performance for async-heavy workloads:

<PropertyGroup>
  <TargetFramework>net11.0</TargetFramework>
  <LangVersion>preview</LangVersion>
  <EnablePreviewFeatures>true</EnablePreviewFeatures>
  <Features>$(Features);runtime-async=on</Features>
</PropertyGroup>

Runtime-async requires both EnablePreviewFeatures and the Features flag. It is experimental and may change significantly before GA.

Experimental Upgrade Checklist

1. Install the .NET 11 preview SDK and pin it in global.json with "rollForward": "disable"
2. Update TFM to net11.0 and set <LangVersion>preview</LangVersion> + <EnablePreviewFeatures>true</EnablePreviewFeatures>
3. Run dotnet outdated to check package compatibility with the preview TFM
4. Build and review warnings -- preview SDKs may flag new SYSLIB diagnostics or CA2252 (preview feature usage)
5. Replace any deprecated APIs surfaced by the new analyzer version
6. Run dotnet test to validate -- expect some third-party packages to lack preview TFM support
7. Document findings for future production upgrade planning

What to Explore in .NET 11 Preview

Feature	Area	Notes
Runtime-async	Performance	Async/await at runtime level; requires opt-in
Zstandard compression	I/O	System.IO.Compression.Zstandard; 2-7x faster than Brotli
BFloat16	Numerics	System.Numerics.BFloat16 for AI/ML workloads
Happy Eyeballs	Networking	ConnectAlgorithm.Parallel for dual-stack IPv4/IPv6
C# 15 preview features	Language	Collection expression arguments (with() syntax)
CoreCLR on WASM	Runtime	Experimental alternative to Mono for Blazor WASM

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Breaking Change Detection

Systematic approaches to identify and resolve breaking changes during any upgrade.

Build-Time Detection

# Clean build to surface all warnings (not just incremental)
dotnet clean && dotnet build --no-incremental

# Treat warnings as errors to catch deprecation notices
dotnet build /p:TreatWarningsAsErrors=true

# List specific obsolete API warnings
dotnet build 2>&1 | grep -E "CS0618|CS0612"

• CS0618: Use of an [Obsolete] member with a message
• CS0612: Use of an [Obsolete] member without a message
• CS8073: Expression always evaluates to the same value (type behavior change)

Analyzer Diagnostics

Enable .NET analyzers to detect additional issues:

<PropertyGroup>
  <EnableNETAnalyzers>true</EnableNETAnalyzers>
  <AnalysisLevel>latest-recommended</AnalysisLevel>
</PropertyGroup>

Key analyzer categories for upgrades:

• CA1422: Platform compatibility (API removed on target platform)
• CA1416: Platform-specific API usage without guards
• CA2252: Opting into preview features
• SYSLIB0XXX: Obsolete system API diagnostics (e.g., SYSLIB0011 for BinaryFormatter)

API Diff Tools

For library authors, use API compatibility tools to validate public surface changes:

# Package validation detects breaking changes against a baseline
dotnet pack /p:EnablePackageValidation=true /p:PackageValidationBaselineVersion=1.0.0

# Standalone API comparison
dotnet tool install -g Microsoft.DotNet.ApiCompat.Tool
apicompat --left-assembly bin/Release/net8.0/MyLib.dll \
          --right-assembly bin/Release/net10.0/MyLib.dll

See [skill:dotnet-multi-targeting] for detailed API compatibility validation workflows including suppression files and CI integration.

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Package Update Strategies

dotnet-outdated

The dotnet-outdated tool provides a comprehensive view of package staleness:

# Install
dotnet tool install -g dotnet-outdated-tool

# Show all outdated packages with current vs latest versions
dotnet outdated

# Lock major version, show only minor/patch updates (safer incremental upgrades)
dotnet outdated --version-lock major

# Auto-upgrade with version locking to avoid unexpected major bumps
dotnet outdated --upgrade --version-lock major

# Output as JSON for CI integration
dotnet outdated --output-format json

Central Package Management

For solutions using Central Package Management (Directory.Packages.props), update versions centrally:

<!-- Directory.Packages.props -->
<Project>
  <PropertyGroup>
    <ManagePackageVersionsCentrally>true</ManagePackageVersionsCentrally>
  </PropertyGroup>

  <ItemGroup>
    <!-- Update all Microsoft.Extensions.* packages to match TFM -->
    <PackageVersion Include="Microsoft.Extensions.Hosting" Version="10.*" />
    <PackageVersion Include="Microsoft.Extensions.Http" Version="10.*" />
    <PackageVersion Include="Microsoft.Extensions.Logging" Version="10.*" />
    <!-- Third-party packages: check compatibility before upgrading -->
    <PackageVersion Include="Serilog" Version="4.*" />
  </ItemGroup>
</Project>

Directory.Packages.props resolves hierarchically upward from the project directory. In monorepo structures, verify that nested Directory.Packages.props files are not shadowing the root-level configuration.

ASP.NET Core Shared Framework Packages

ASP.NET Core shared framework packages must align their major version with the target TFM. Two valid approaches:

<ItemGroup>
  <!-- Option A: floating version — auto-resolves latest patch, convenient for upgrades -->
  <PackageReference Include="Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc.Testing" Version="10.*" />

  <!-- Option B: pinned version — deterministic CI builds, update explicitly -->
  <PackageReference Include="Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc.Testing" Version="10.0.1" />
</ItemGroup>

Pinned versions are recommended for deterministic CI; floating versions are useful during exploratory upgrades. Either way, the major version must match the TFM (e.g., 10.x for net10.0).

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Agent Gotchas

1. Do not skip .NET 9 without validating ecosystem compatibility. While LTS-to-LTS (net8.0 -> net10.0) is the recommended default, some third-party packages may only support net9.0 as an intermediate step. Check package compatibility before selecting a lane.

2. Do not run production workloads on preview SDKs. .NET 11 preview APIs are unstable and will change between preview releases. Isolate experimental work in separate branches or projects with pinned preview SDK versions.

3. Do not assume .NET 9 STS has 12-month support. STS lifecycle is 18 months from GA. .NET 9 GA was November 2024, so end-of-support is May 2026. Always calculate from actual GA date, not release year.

4. Ensure ASP.NET shared framework package major versions match the TFM. Packages like Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc.Testing must have their major version aligned with the project TFM (e.g., 10.x for net10.0). Pin exact versions for deterministic CI or float with wildcards (e.g., 10.*) during exploratory upgrades.

5. Do not re-implement TFM detection. This skill consumes the structured output from [skill:dotnet-version-detection]. Never parse .csproj files to determine the current version -- use the detection skill's output (TFM, C# version, SDK version, warnings).

6. Do not treat dotnet-outdated --upgrade as a complete solution. It updates package versions but does not handle breaking API changes within those packages. Always build, test, and review changelogs after upgrading packages.

7. Do not use "rollForward": "latestMajor" with preview SDKs. This can silently advance to a different preview version with breaking changes. Use "rollForward": "disable" for preview SDKs to maintain reproducible builds.

8. Do not forget Directory.Packages.props hierarchy. In monorepo structures, nested Directory.Packages.props files shadow parent-level configurations. When upgrading, search upward from the project directory to find all Directory.Packages.props files that may affect package resolution.

9. Do not ignore SYSLIB diagnostic codes during upgrade. These system-level obsolete warnings (e.g., SYSLIB0011 for BinaryFormatter, SYSLIB0014 for WebRequest) indicate APIs that will throw at runtime on newer TFMs, not just compile-time warnings.

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Prerequisites

• .NET SDK for the target TFM installed (e.g., .NET 10 SDK for net10.0 upgrade)
• dotnet-outdated-tool (for package staleness detection): dotnet tool install -g dotnet-outdated-tool
• upgrade-assistant (optional, for automated migration): dotnet tool install -g upgrade-assistant
• Output from [skill:dotnet-version-detection] (current TFM, SDK version, preview flags)

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References

Last verified: 2026-02-12

• .NET Support Policy and Lifecycle
• .NET 9 Breaking Changes
• .NET 10 Breaking Changes
• .NET Upgrade Assistant
• dotnet-outdated Tool
• Central Package Management
• Target Framework Monikers
• .NET Analyzers Overview
• Package Validation