dotnet-csharp-dependency-injection

Advanced Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection patterns for .NET applications. Covers service lifetimes, keyed services (net8.0+), decoration, factory delegates, scope validation, and hosted service registration.

Cross-references: [skill:dotnet-csharp-async-patterns] for BackgroundService async patterns, [skill:dotnet-csharp-configuration] for IOptions<T> binding.

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Service Lifetimes

Lifetime	Registration	When to Use
Transient	AddTransient<T>()	Lightweight, stateless services. New instance per injection.
Scoped	AddScoped<T>()	Per-request state (EF Core DbContext, unit of work).
Singleton	AddSingleton<T>()	Thread-safe, stateless, or shared state (caches, config).

Lifetime Mismatches (Captive Dependencies)

Never inject a shorter-lived service into a longer-lived one:

// WRONG -- scoped DbContext captured in singleton = same context for all requests
builder.Services.AddSingleton<OrderService>();    // singleton
builder.Services.AddScoped<AppDbContext>();        // scoped -- CAPTIVE!

// CORRECT -- use IServiceScopeFactory in singletons
public sealed class OrderService(IServiceScopeFactory scopeFactory)
{
    public async Task ProcessAsync(CancellationToken ct = default)
    {
        using var scope = scopeFactory.CreateScope();
        var db = scope.ServiceProvider.GetRequiredService<AppDbContext>();
        await db.Orders.Where(o => o.IsPending).ToListAsync(ct);
    }
}

Enable Scope Validation (Development)

var builder = WebApplication.CreateBuilder(args);
// In Development, ValidateScopes is already true by default.
// For non-web hosts:
var host = Host.CreateDefaultBuilder(args)
    .UseDefaultServiceProvider(options =>
    {
        options.ValidateScopes = true;
        options.ValidateOnBuild = true;  // Validates all registrations at startup
    })
    .Build();

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Registration Patterns

Interface-Implementation Pair

builder.Services.AddScoped<IOrderRepository, SqlOrderRepository>();

Multiple Implementations

// Register multiple implementations
builder.Services.AddScoped<INotifier, EmailNotifier>();
builder.Services.AddScoped<INotifier, SmsNotifier>();
builder.Services.AddScoped<INotifier, PushNotifier>();

// Inject all -- order matches registration order
public sealed class CompositeNotifier(IEnumerable<INotifier> notifiers)
{
    public async Task NotifyAsync(string message, CancellationToken ct = default)
    {
        foreach (var notifier in notifiers)
        {
            await notifier.NotifyAsync(message, ct);
        }
    }
}

Factory Delegates

builder.Services.AddScoped<IOrderService>(sp =>
{
    var repo = sp.GetRequiredService<IOrderRepository>();
    var logger = sp.GetRequiredService<ILogger<OrderService>>();
    var options = sp.GetRequiredService<IOptions<OrderOptions>>();
    return new OrderService(repo, logger, options.Value.MaxRetries);
});

TryAdd for Library Registrations

Libraries should use TryAdd so applications can override:

// Library code -- won't overwrite app registrations
builder.Services.TryAddScoped<IOrderRepository, DefaultOrderRepository>();

// Application code -- takes precedence if registered first
builder.Services.AddScoped<IOrderRepository, CustomOrderRepository>();

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Keyed Services (net8.0+)

Register and resolve services by a key, replacing the need for named service patterns.

// Registration
builder.Services.AddKeyedScoped<ICache, RedisCache>("distributed");
builder.Services.AddKeyedScoped<ICache, MemoryCache>("local");

// Injection via attribute
public sealed class OrderService(
    [FromKeyedServices("distributed")] ICache distributedCache,
    [FromKeyedServices("local")] ICache localCache)
{
    public async Task<Order?> GetAsync(int id, CancellationToken ct = default)
    {
        // Check local cache first, then distributed
        return await localCache.GetAsync<Order>(id.ToString(), ct)
            ?? await distributedCache.GetAsync<Order>(id.ToString(), ct);
    }
}

// Manual resolution
var cache = sp.GetRequiredKeyedService<ICache>("distributed");

net8.0+ only. On earlier TFMs, use factory patterns or a dictionary-based approach.

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Decoration Pattern

The built-in container does not natively support decoration. Use one of these approaches:

Manual Decoration

builder.Services.AddScoped<SqlOrderRepository>();
builder.Services.AddScoped<IOrderRepository>(sp =>
{
    var inner = sp.GetRequiredService<SqlOrderRepository>();
    var logger = sp.GetRequiredService<ILogger<LoggingOrderRepository>>();
    return new LoggingOrderRepository(inner, logger);
});

public sealed class LoggingOrderRepository(
    IOrderRepository inner,
    ILogger<LoggingOrderRepository> logger) : IOrderRepository
{
    public async Task<Order?> GetByIdAsync(int id, CancellationToken ct = default)
    {
        logger.LogInformation("Getting order {OrderId}", id);
        return await inner.GetByIdAsync(id, ct);
    }
}

Scrutor Library (Popular Alternative)

builder.Services.AddScoped<IOrderRepository, SqlOrderRepository>();
builder.Services.Decorate<IOrderRepository, LoggingOrderRepository>();
builder.Services.Decorate<IOrderRepository, CachingOrderRepository>();
// Outer -> CachingOrderRepository -> LoggingOrderRepository -> SqlOrderRepository

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Hosted Services and Background Workers

BackgroundService (Preferred)

public sealed class QueueProcessorWorker(
    IServiceScopeFactory scopeFactory,
    ILogger<QueueProcessorWorker> logger) : BackgroundService
{
    protected override async Task ExecuteAsync(CancellationToken stoppingToken)
    {
        logger.LogInformation("Queue processor starting");

        while (!stoppingToken.IsCancellationRequested)
        {
            try
            {
                using var scope = scopeFactory.CreateScope();
                var processor = scope.ServiceProvider
                    .GetRequiredService<IQueueProcessor>();

                await processor.ProcessNextBatchAsync(stoppingToken);
            }
            catch (Exception ex) when (ex is not OperationCanceledException)
            {
                logger.LogError(ex, "Error processing queue batch");
            }

            await Task.Delay(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(5), stoppingToken);
        }
    }
}

// Registration
builder.Services.AddHostedService<QueueProcessorWorker>();

IHostedService (Startup/Shutdown Hooks)

public sealed class DatabaseMigrationService(
    IServiceScopeFactory scopeFactory,
    ILogger<DatabaseMigrationService> logger) : IHostedService
{
    public async Task StartAsync(CancellationToken cancellationToken)
    {
        using var scope = scopeFactory.CreateScope();
        var db = scope.ServiceProvider.GetRequiredService<AppDbContext>();
        await db.Database.MigrateAsync(cancellationToken);
        logger.LogInformation("Database migration completed");
    }

    public Task StopAsync(CancellationToken cancellationToken) => Task.CompletedTask;
}

builder.Services.AddHostedService<DatabaseMigrationService>();

Key Rules for Hosted Services

• Always use IServiceScopeFactory to create scopes -- hosted services are singletons
• Never inject scoped services directly into hosted service constructors
• Handle exceptions inside ExecuteAsync -- unhandled exceptions stop the host (net8.0+)
• See [skill:dotnet-csharp-async-patterns] for async patterns in background workers

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Organizing Registrations

Group related registrations into extension methods for clean Program.cs:

// ServiceCollectionExtensions.cs
public static class ServiceCollectionExtensions
{
    public static IServiceCollection AddOrderServices(this IServiceCollection services)
    {
        services.AddScoped<IOrderRepository, SqlOrderRepository>();
        services.AddScoped<IOrderService, OrderService>();
        services.AddHostedService<OrderProcessorWorker>();
        return services;
    }

    public static IServiceCollection AddNotificationServices(this IServiceCollection services)
    {
        services.AddScoped<INotifier, EmailNotifier>();
        services.AddScoped<INotifier, SmsNotifier>();
        return services;
    }
}

// Program.cs
builder.Services.AddOrderServices();
builder.Services.AddNotificationServices();

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Testing with DI

[Fact]
public async Task OrderService_UsesRepository()
{
    // Arrange -- build a service provider for integration tests
    var services = new ServiceCollection();
    services.AddScoped<IOrderRepository, InMemoryOrderRepository>();
    services.AddScoped<IOrderService, OrderService>();
    services.AddLogging();

    using var provider = services.BuildServiceProvider();
    using var scope = provider.CreateScope();
    var service = scope.ServiceProvider.GetRequiredService<IOrderService>();

    // Act
    var order = await service.GetByIdAsync(1);

    // Assert
    Assert.NotNull(order);
}

For unit tests, prefer direct constructor injection with mocks rather than building a full container.

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References

• Dependency injection in .NET
• Keyed services in .NET 8
• Background tasks with hosted services
• Service lifetimes
• .NET Framework Design Guidelines