React and Next.js Modern Best Practices (2025)

Purpose

This skill enforces the architectural shift from client-side synchronization to async-native patterns using React 19 and Next.js App Router. The goal is to eliminate unnecessary useEffect usage, move data fetching to the server, and leverage modern primitives like Server Components and Server Actions.

Core Philosophy: The Paradigm Shift

Legacy Era (Pre-2024): Client components mount, then sync with server via useEffect Modern Era (2025): Server components execute async logic, stream results to client

This shift eliminates:

• Waterfall network requests
• Race conditions in effects
• Layout shifts from loading states
• Manual state management for async operations
• Prop drilling for data

When to Use This Skill

Activate when:

• Writing new React/Next.js code
• Migrating from Pages Router to App Router
• Refactoring useEffect-heavy components
• Implementing forms and mutations
• Reviewing data fetching patterns
• Setting up authentication or authorization
• Optimizing React performance

How to Use This Skill

When reviewing React/Next.js code:

1. Identify the stack

   • Check package.json for Next.js version
   • Detect if app/ directory exists (App Router)
   • Note if React 19 is being used

2. Scan for code smells

   • Search for: useEffect, useState, useCallback, useMemo
   • Look for: fetch in Client Components, API routes used for internal data
   • Find: getServerSideProps, getStaticProps (legacy patterns)

3. Apply the checklists below

   • For each issue, propose a modern alternative
   • Show before/after code examples

4. Prioritize fixes

   • First: Correctness and side effect bugs
   • Second: Architecture and data fetching
   • Third: Performance and ergonomics

---

Checklist 1: useEffect - The "Escape Hatch" Rule

The Modern Definition

useEffect is ONLY for synchronizing with external systems outside React's control.

It is NOT for:

• ❌ Data fetching on component mount
• ❌ Deriving state from props or other state
• ❌ Mirroring props into state
• ❌ Business logic that could be pure functions
• ❌ Generic "on mount" initialization

It IS for:

• ✅ WebSocket subscriptions
• ✅ Browser APIs (localStorage, IntersectionObserver, ResizeObserver)
• ✅ DOM event listeners (window.resize, scroll)
• ✅ Third-party widgets (maps, chat, analytics)
• ✅ Timers tied to React state (setTimeout, setInterval)

Anti-Pattern #1: Deriving State

❌ Bad - Effect for derived state:

const [firstName, setFirstName] = useState("John")
const [lastName, setLastName] = useState("Doe")
const [fullName, setFullName] = useState("")

useEffect(() => {
  setFullName(`${firstName} ${lastName}`)
}, [firstName, lastName])

✅ Good - Calculate during render:

const [firstName, setFirstName] = useState("John")
const [lastName, setLastName] = useState("Doe")

const fullName = `${firstName} ${lastName}` // Just compute it!

Why: Eliminates an entire render cycle and guarantees consistency.

Anti-Pattern #2: Event Logic in Effects

❌ Bad - Using effect for user actions:

const [submitted, setSubmitted] = useState(false)

useEffect(() => {
  if (submitted) {
    submitForm(formData)
  }
}, [submitted, formData])

// Later:
<button onClick={() => setSubmitted(true)}>Submit</button>

✅ Good - Direct event handler:

const handleSubmit = async (e: React.FormEvent) => {
  e.preventDefault()
  await submitForm(formData)
}

// Later:
<form onSubmit={handleSubmit}>
  <button type="submit">Submit</button>
</form>

Why: User actions should trigger in event handlers, not via state flags.

Anti-Pattern #3: Data Fetching on Mount

❌ Bad - Client-side fetch in effect:

"use client"

function ProductsPage() {
  const [products, setProducts] = useState<Product[]>([])
  const [loading, setLoading] = useState(true)

  useEffect(() => {
    fetch('/api/products')
      .then(res => res.json())
      .then(data => {
        setProducts(data)
        setLoading(false)
      })
  }, [])

  if (loading) return <Spinner />
  return <ProductsList products={products} />
}

✅ Good - Server Component with async/await:

// app/products/page.tsx - Server Component (no "use client")
import { db } from '@/lib/db'

export default async function ProductsPage() {
  // This runs on the server, directly queries DB
  const products = await db.select().from(productsTable)

  return <ProductsList products={products} />
}

Why:

• Eliminates loading states
• Runs closer to data source (low latency)
• No client bundle size increase
• Content is server-rendered (better SEO)

Legitimate useEffect Patterns

✅ Good - External system subscription:

"use client"

function ChatRoom({ roomId }: { roomId: string }) {
  useEffect(() => {
    const connection = createConnection(roomId)
    connection.connect()

    return () => {
      connection.disconnect() // Cleanup
    }
  }, [roomId])

  return <div>Connected to {roomId}</div>
}

✅ Good - Browser API sync:

"use client"

function useOnlineStatus() {
  const [isOnline, setIsOnline] = useState(true)

  useEffect(() => {
    const handleOnline = () => setIsOnline(true)
    const handleOffline = () => setIsOnline(false)

    window.addEventListener('online', handleOnline)
    window.addEventListener('offline', handleOffline)

    return () => {
      window.removeEventListener('online', handleOnline)
      window.removeEventListener('offline', handleOffline)
    }
  }, [])

  return isOnline
}

Custom Hooks for Repeated Effects

When the same effect pattern appears multiple times:

✅ Extract to custom hook:

// hooks/useMediaQuery.ts
"use client"

export function useMediaQuery(query: string): boolean {
  const [matches, setMatches] = useState(false)

  useEffect(() => {
    const media = window.matchMedia(query)
    setMatches(media.matches)

    const listener = (e: MediaQueryListEvent) => setMatches(e.matches)
    media.addEventListener('change', listener)

    return () => media.removeEventListener('change', listener)
  }, [query])

  return matches
}

// Usage:
const isMobile = useMediaQuery('(max-width: 768px)')

---

Checklist 2: Server Components and Data Fetching

Server Components by Default

In Next.js App Router (app/ directory):

✅ Default: Server Component (no directive)

// app/dashboard/page.tsx
import { db } from '@/lib/db'

export default async function DashboardPage() {
  // Direct database access - runs on server
  const stats = await db.query.stats.findFirst()

  return <div>Revenue: ${stats.revenue}</div>
}

✅ Opt-in: Client Component (with directive)

"use client" // Only add when you need interactivity

import { useState } from 'react'

export default function Counter() {
  const [count, setCount] = useState(0)

  return <button onClick={() => setCount(count + 1)}>{count}</button>
}

Rules for Server vs Client Components

Feature	Server Component	Client Component
Directive	None (default)	"use client"
Data fetching	async/await DB queries	use() or data libraries
Interactivity	❌ No event handlers	✅ onClick, onChange, etc.
React hooks	❌ No useState, useEffect	✅ All hooks available
Bundle size	✅ Zero JS shipped	❌ Increases bundle
Browser APIs	❌ No window, localStorage	✅ Full access
Environment vars	✅ Private vars safe	⚠️ Only NEXT_PUBLIC_*

Request Memoization: End of Prop Drilling

Problem: Multiple components need the same data. Legacy solution: prop drilling or Context.

Solution: Request memoization with React.cache.

✅ Modern pattern - No prop drilling:

// lib/data.ts
import { cache } from 'react'
import { db } from './db'

// Wrap in cache() for automatic request memoization
export const getCurrentUser = cache(async () => {
  return await db.query.users.findFirst({ where: ... })
})

// app/layout.tsx
import { getCurrentUser } from '@/lib/data'

export default async function RootLayout({ children }) {
  const user = await getCurrentUser() // Call #1

  return (
    <html>
      <Header user={user} />
      {children}
    </html>
  )
}

// app/profile/page.tsx
import { getCurrentUser } from '@/lib/data'

export default async function ProfilePage() {
  const user = await getCurrentUser() // Call #2 - Same request, cached!

  return <div>Email: {user.email}</div>
}

Why: Both components call getCurrentUser(), but the DB query executes only once per request. No props, no Context, no drilling.

The use() API: Streaming Promises to Client

Pattern: Server Component starts a query, Client Component displays it.

✅ Server Component (initiates fetch):

// app/search/page.tsx
import { db } from '@/lib/db'
import { SearchResults } from './search-results'

export default async function SearchPage() {
  // Don't await - pass the promise directly
  const resultsPromise = db.query.products.findMany()

  return (
    <Suspense fallback={<ResultsSkeleton />}>
      <SearchResults promise={resultsPromise} />
    </Suspense>
  )
}

✅ Client Component (unwraps promise):

// app/search/search-results.tsx
"use client"

import { use } from 'react'
import type { Product } from '@/lib/db'

export function SearchResults({ promise }: { promise: Promise<Product[]> }) {
  // use() unwraps the promise - suspends until resolved
  const results = use(promise)

  return (
    <ul>
      {results.map(product => (
        <li key={product.id}>{product.name}</li>
      ))}
    </ul>
  )
}

Why:

• Initial HTML ships immediately (with fallback)
• Data streams in as server resolves the query
• Improves First Contentful Paint (FCP)

Client/Server Component Composition

❌ Bad - Can't import Server Component in Client:

"use client"

import { ServerDetails } from './server-details' // ERROR!

export function ClientCard() {
  return (
    <div onClick={...}>
      <ServerDetails /> {/* This won't work */}
    </div>
  )
}

✅ Good - Pass Server Component as children:

// app/page.tsx (Server Component)
import { ClientCard } from './client-card'
import { ServerDetails } from './server-details'

export default function Page() {
  return (
    <ClientCard>
      <ServerDetails /> {/* Composed in Server Component */}
    </ClientCard>
  )
}

// client-card.tsx
"use client"

export function ClientCard({ children }: { children: React.ReactNode }) {
  return (
    <div onClick={...}>
      {children} {/* Server Component renders here */}
    </div>
  )
}

---

Checklist 3: Server Actions and Mutations

Server Actions vs Route Handlers

Use Case	Tool	Why
Form submission	Server Action	Integrated with React, auto cache revalidation
UI mutation (like, delete)	Server Action	Type-safe, works without JS (progressive)
Public API endpoint	Route Handler	Mobile app, webhooks, third-party access
Webhook receiver	Route Handler	External system, not tied to UI

The React 19 Form Hooks Trinity

1. useActionState - Form State Management

Replaces manual useState for form errors and submission.

✅ Server Action:

// actions/auth.ts
"use server"

import { z } from 'zod'

const loginSchema = z.object({
  email: z.string().email(),
  password: z.string().min(8)
})

export async function loginAction(prevState: any, formData: FormData) {
  // Validate input
  const parsed = loginSchema.safeParse({
    email: formData.get('email'),
    password: formData.get('password')
  })

  if (!parsed.success) {
    return { errors: parsed.error.flatten().fieldErrors }
  }

  // Perform login
  const result = await login(parsed.data)

  if (!result.success) {
    return { errors: { _form: ['Invalid credentials'] } }
  }

  redirect('/dashboard')
}

✅ Client Component (form):

"use client"

import { useActionState } from 'react'
import { loginAction } from '@/actions/auth'

export function LoginForm() {
  const [state, formAction, isPending] = useActionState(loginAction, null)

  return (
    <form action={formAction}>
      <input name="email" type="email" />
      {state?.errors?.email && <span>{state.errors.email}</span>}

      <input name="password" type="password" />
      {state?.errors?.password && <span>{state.errors.password}</span>}

      <button type="submit" disabled={isPending}>
        {isPending ? 'Logging in...' : 'Log in'}
      </button>

      {state?.errors?._form && <span>{state.errors._form}</span>}
    </form>
  )
}

Key Points:

• Server Action signature: (prevState, formData) => newState
• isPending tracks submission automatically
• Form works without JavaScript (progressive enhancement)

2. useFormStatus - Child Component UI

Allows any child of a <form> to access the form's pending state.

✅ Extract submit button:

"use client"

import { useFormStatus } from 'react-dom'

export function SubmitButton() {
  const { pending } = useFormStatus()

  return (
    <button type="submit" disabled={pending}>
      {pending ? 'Submitting...' : 'Submit'}
    </button>
  )
}

✅ Use in form:

<form action={formAction}>
  <input name="title" />
  <SubmitButton /> {/* Automatically knows form state */}
</form>

Constraint: Must be used in a child component, not the same component that renders <form>.

3. useOptimistic - Instant UI Updates

Updates UI immediately while Server Action processes.

✅ Optimistic like button:

"use client"

import { useOptimistic } from 'react'
import { likePost } from '@/actions/posts'

export function LikeButton({ postId, initialLikes }: Props) {
  const [optimisticLikes, addOptimisticLike] = useOptimistic(
    initialLikes,
    (state, amount: number) => state + amount
  )

  return (
    <form
      action={async () => {
        // Update UI instantly
        addOptimisticLike(1)

        // Server Action runs in background
        await likePost(postId)
      }}
    >
      <button type="submit">❤️ {optimisticLikes}</button>
    </form>
  )
}

Behavior:

• UI updates immediately when button clicked
• Server Action processes in background
• If success: parent re-renders with real data, optimistic state discarded
• If failure: optimistic update automatically rolls back

---

Checklist 4: Security Standards for Server Actions

Rule 1: Always Validate Input

❌ Bad - Trusting FormData:

"use server"

export async function updateUser(formData: FormData) {
  const email = formData.get('email') // Could be anything!
  await db.update(users).set({ email })
}

✅ Good - Zod validation:

"use server"

import { z } from 'zod'

const updateUserSchema = z.object({
  email: z.string().email(),
  name: z.string().min(2).max(100)
})

export async function updateUser(formData: FormData) {
  const parsed = updateUserSchema.safeParse({
    email: formData.get('email'),
    name: formData.get('name')
  })

  if (!parsed.success) {
    return { errors: parsed.error.flatten().fieldErrors }
  }

  await db.update(users).set(parsed.data)
  return { success: true }
}

Rule 2: Always Authenticate

❌ Bad - No auth check:

"use server"

export async function deletePost(postId: string) {
  await db.delete(posts).where(eq(posts.id, postId))
}

✅ Good - Auth check first:

"use server"

import { auth } from '@/lib/auth'

export async function deletePost(postId: string) {
  const session = await auth()

  if (!session?.user) {
    throw new Error('Unauthorized')
  }

  // Verify ownership
  const post = await db.query.posts.findFirst({
    where: eq(posts.id, postId)
  })

  if (post.authorId !== session.user.id) {
    throw new Error('Forbidden')
  }

  await db.delete(posts).where(eq(posts.id, postId))
  revalidatePath('/posts')
}

Rule 3: Module-Level Actions (Not Inline)

❌ Bad - Inline action with closure:

export default async function Page() {
  const secretKey = process.env.SECRET_KEY // Sensitive!

  async function dangerousAction() {
    "use server"
    // This closure is encrypted but sent to client
    console.log(secretKey) // Risky!
  }

  return <form action={dangerousAction}>...</form>
}

✅ Good - Module-level action:

// actions/posts.ts
"use server"

export async function createPost(formData: FormData) {
  const secretKey = process.env.SECRET_KEY // Stays on server
  // Safe - no closure, explicit arguments only
}

// app/page.tsx
import { createPost } from '@/actions/posts'

export default function Page() {
  return <form action={createPost}>...</form>
}

Rule 4: Rate Limiting

Add rate limiting to prevent abuse:

"use server"

import { ratelimit } from '@/lib/rate-limit'

export async function sendEmail(formData: FormData) {
  const session = await auth()
  if (!session?.user) throw new Error('Unauthorized')

  const { success } = await ratelimit.limit(session.user.id)
  if (!success) {
    return { error: 'Too many requests. Try again later.' }
  }

  // Proceed with action...
}

---

Checklist 5: Performance Optimization

Eliminate Client-Side Waterfalls

❌ Bad - Sequential client fetches:

"use client"

function Dashboard() {
  const [user, setUser] = useState(null)
  const [posts, setPosts] = useState([])

  useEffect(() => {
    fetch('/api/user').then(r => r.json()).then(setUser)
  }, [])

  useEffect(() => {
    if (user) {
      // Waits for user fetch!
      fetch(`/api/posts?userId=${user.id}`).then(r => r.json()).then(setPosts)
    }
  }, [user])

  return <div>...</div>
}

✅ Good - Parallel server fetches:

// app/dashboard/page.tsx
import { db } from '@/lib/db'

export default async function Dashboard() {
  // Both queries run in parallel on server
  const [user, posts] = await Promise.all([
    db.query.users.findFirst(),
    db.query.posts.findMany()
  ])

  return <DashboardUI user={user} posts={posts} />
}

Bundle Size Optimization

✅ Lazy load heavy Client Components:

import dynamic from 'next/dynamic'

const RichTextEditor = dynamic(() => import('@/components/editor'), {
  loading: () => <p>Loading editor...</p>,
  ssr: false // Don't render on server
})

export default function Page() {
  return <RichTextEditor />
}

✅ Keep heavy libraries in Server Components:

// Server Component - markdown lib stays on server
import { marked } from 'marked'

export default async function BlogPost({ slug }: Props) {
  const post = await getPost(slug)
  const html = marked(post.content) // Runs on server

  return <div dangerouslySetInnerHTML={{ __html: html }} />
}

React Compiler (React 19)

With the React Compiler enabled:

• ✅ Automatically memoizes components and values
• ✅ Eliminates most useMemo and useCallback
• ✅ Focuses on business logic, not performance plumbing

Before (manual memoization):

const sortedUsers = useMemo(() => {
  return users.sort((a, b) => a.name.localeCompare(b.name))
}, [users])

const handleClick = useCallback(() => {
  console.log('clicked')
}, [])

After (React Compiler handles it):

// Just write normal code - compiler optimizes
const sortedUsers = users.sort((a, b) => a.name.localeCompare(b.name))

const handleClick = () => {
  console.log('clicked')
}

---

Checklist 6: Migration from Legacy Patterns

Class Components → Function Components

❌ Legacy class:

class UserProfile extends React.Component {
  state = { user: null }

  componentDidMount() {
    fetchUser().then(user => this.setState({ user }))
  }

  render() {
    return <div>{this.state.user?.name}</div>
  }
}

✅ Modern function component:

// Server Component - no hooks needed!
export default async function UserProfile() {
  const user = await fetchUser()
  return <div>{user.name}</div>
}

getServerSideProps → Server Component

❌ Legacy Pages Router:

// pages/products.tsx
export async function getServerSideProps() {
  const products = await db.query.products.findMany()
  return { props: { products } }
}

export default function ProductsPage({ products }) {
  return <ProductsList products={products} />
}

✅ Modern App Router:

// app/products/page.tsx
export default async function ProductsPage() {
  const products = await db.query.products.findMany()
  return <ProductsList products={products} />
}

Benefits: Simpler, fewer concepts, more composable.

API Routes → Server Actions

❌ Legacy API route:

// pages/api/users.ts
export default async function handler(req, res) {
  if (req.method === 'POST') {
    const { name, email } = req.body
    const user = await createUser({ name, email })
    res.json({ user })
  }
}

✅ Modern Server Action:

// actions/users.ts
"use server"

export async function createUserAction(formData: FormData) {
  const user = await createUser({
    name: formData.get('name'),
    email: formData.get('email')
  })

  revalidatePath('/users')
  return { success: true, user }
}

---

Quick Reference: Decision Matrix

When to use each pattern:

Scenario	Solution	Key Tool
Initial page data	Server Component async/await	await db.query
Interactive list/form	Client Component + Server Action	useActionState
Real-time polling	Client Component + TanStack Query	useQuery({ refetchInterval })
Optimistic update	Client Component	useOptimistic
WebSocket/external sub	Client Component	useEffect + cleanup
Browser API sync	Custom hook	useSyncExternalStore
Public API endpoint	Route Handler	app/api/route.ts
Form with validation	Server Action + Zod	useActionState
Derived value	Render calculation	const x = a + b
User event logic	Event handler	onClick, onSubmit

---

Response Format for Code Reviews

When using this skill for code review:

1. Summary

High-level assessment of how modern the codebase is and where the biggest wins are.

2. Structured Review

A. useEffect and Side Effects

• Issues found: List any unnecessary effects
• Suggested refactors: Show concrete alternatives
• Code examples: Before/after for at least one

B. Data Fetching and Server Usage

• Issues found: Client-side fetching, API routes for internal data
• Suggested refactors: Move to Server Components
• Code examples: Server Component implementation

C. Hooks and State Management

• Issues found: Unnecessary useState, missing memoization
• Suggested refactors: Derive state, use form hooks
• Code examples: useActionState implementation

D. Component Structure

• Issues found: Large components, improper Client/Server boundaries
• Suggested refactors: Split components, composition patterns
• Code examples: Proper component architecture

3. Next Steps

Prioritized list of actionable items:

• "Refactor user profile page data fetching to Server Component"
• "Replace useEffect-based form handling with useActionState"
• "Extract useMediaQuery custom hook for responsive logic"
• "Add Zod validation to all Server Actions"

---

Common Mistakes to Avoid

1. "use client" at Top Level

❌ Bad:

"use client" // Entire tree is client-side!

export default function Layout({ children }) {
  return <div>{children}</div>
}

✅ Good:

// Layout is server component
export default function Layout({ children }) {
  return (
    <div>
      <InteractiveHeader /> {/* Only this is "use client" */}
      {children}
    </div>
  )
}

2. Mixing Server and Client Imports

❌ Bad:

"use client"

import { db } from '@/lib/db' // ERROR: Can't import server code

export function ClientComponent() {
  // db is not available in browser!
}

✅ Good:

// Pass data from Server Component as props
export function ClientComponent({ data }: { data: Data }) {
  // Use the data here
}

3. Not Handling Errors

❌ Bad:

"use server"

export async function deleteUser(userId: string) {
  await db.delete(users).where(eq(users.id, userId))
  // No error handling!
}

✅ Good:

"use server"

export async function deleteUser(userId: string) {
  try {
    const session = await auth()
    if (!session?.user) {
      return { error: 'Unauthorized' }
    }

    await db.delete(users).where(eq(users.id, userId))
    revalidatePath('/users')

    return { success: true }
  } catch (error) {
    console.error('Delete user failed:', error)
    return { error: 'Failed to delete user' }
  }
}

---

Additional Resources

• React 19 Docs - You Might Not Need an Effect
• Next.js App Router Documentation
• React Server Components RFC
• Server Actions and Mutations

---

Examples

Example 1: Complete Form with Server Action

Server Action:

// actions/create-post.ts
"use server"

import { z } from 'zod'
import { auth } from '@/lib/auth'
import { db } from '@/lib/db'
import { revalidatePath } from 'next/cache'

const createPostSchema = z.object({
  title: z.string().min(3).max(100),
  content: z.string().min(10)
})

export async function createPostAction(prevState: any, formData: FormData) {
  const session = await auth()
  if (!session?.user) {
    return { errors: { _form: ['You must be logged in'] } }
  }

  const parsed = createPostSchema.safeParse({
    title: formData.get('title'),
    content: formData.get('content')
  })

  if (!parsed.success) {
    return { errors: parsed.error.flatten().fieldErrors }
  }

  try {
    await db.insert(posts).values({
      ...parsed.data,
      authorId: session.user.id
    })

    revalidatePath('/posts')
    return { success: true }
  } catch (error) {
    return { errors: { _form: ['Failed to create post'] } }
  }
}

Form Component:

// components/create-post-form.tsx
"use client"

import { useActionState } from 'react'
import { useFormStatus } from 'react-dom'
import { createPostAction } from '@/actions/create-post'

function SubmitButton() {
  const { pending } = useFormStatus()
  return (
    <button type="submit" disabled={pending}>
      {pending ? 'Creating...' : 'Create Post'}
    </button>
  )
}

export function CreatePostForm() {
  const [state, formAction] = useActionState(createPostAction, null)

  return (
    <form action={formAction} className="space-y-4">
      <div>
        <label htmlFor="title">Title</label>
        <input id="title" name="title" type="text" required />
        {state?.errors?.title && (
          <p className="error">{state.errors.title}</p>
        )}
      </div>

      <div>
        <label htmlFor="content">Content</label>
        <textarea id="content" name="content" required />
        {state?.errors?.content && (
          <p className="error">{state.errors.content}</p>
        )}
      </div>

      {state?.errors?._form && (
        <p className="error">{state.errors._form}</p>
      )}

      {state?.success && <p className="success">Post created!</p>}

      <SubmitButton />
    </form>
  )
}

Example 2: Optimistic Updates

// components/like-button.tsx
"use client"

import { useOptimistic } from 'react'
import { likePost } from '@/actions/posts'

interface Props {
  postId: string
  initialLikes: number
  userHasLiked: boolean
}

export function LikeButton({ postId, initialLikes, userHasLiked }: Props) {
  const [optimisticLikes, addOptimistic] = useOptimistic(
    { likes: initialLikes, liked: userHasLiked },
    (state, newLiked: boolean) => ({
      likes: state.likes + (newLiked ? 1 : -1),
      liked: newLiked
    })
  )

  return (
    <form
      action={async () => {
        const newLiked = !optimisticLikes.liked
        addOptimistic(newLiked)
        await likePost(postId, newLiked)
      }}
    >
      <button type="submit">
        {optimisticLikes.liked ? '❤️' : '🤍'} {optimisticLikes.likes}
      </button>
    </form>
  )
}

---

Summary: The 2025 React Mental Model

Data flows from Server → Client

• Server Components fetch and render
• Client Components add interactivity
• Never fetch in effects

Mutations flow from Client → Server → Client

• User triggers action in Client Component
• Server Action processes on server
• Results stream back to Client Component

Effects are for external systems only

• WebSockets, timers, browser APIs
• Not for data, not for business logic
• Use custom hooks for repeated patterns

Forms are declarative

• <form action={serverAction}> - no event handlers
• useActionState for state/errors
• useFormStatus for pending UI
• useOptimistic for instant feedback

This is the modern React architecture: Async-Native, Server-First, Effect-Minimal.