as-4084-1

AS 4084.1:2023 — Steel Storage Racking — Part 1: Design — Complete Reference

Purpose

This skill provides the complete text of AS 4084.1:2023, Steel storage racking — Part 1: Design. It enables accurate clause lookup and compliance checking against the standard's requirements for the analysis, design and testing of adjustable static pallet racking made of cold-formed or hot-rolled steel structural members.

AS 4084.1 is the primary Australian design standard for steel storage racking, setting minimum requirements for the limit states design of adjustable pallet racking systems installed within buildings, outside buildings, or as part of building frames. The standard supplements AS 4100 (Steel structures) and AS/NZS 4600 (Cold-formed steel structures) with racking-specific design requirements, and includes comprehensive test methods for evaluating component and system performance.

The standard is structured in seven sections plus five appendices. Section 1 covers scope and general requirements including definitions and design criteria. Section 2 defines all types of actions (permanent, variable, accidental, wind and seismic) and action combinations. Section 3 addresses structural analysis methods including linear analysis (LA), geometric non-linear analysis (GNA), and geometric and material non-linear analysis with imperfections (GMNIAc and GMNIAs). Section 4 sets out design procedures for ultimate and serviceability limit states. Section 5 covers the design of cold-formed steel uprights and pallet beams. Section 6 addresses connections and base plates. Section 7 provides comprehensive test methods for validating design assumptions.

Critical Rules

1. Only cite clauses that appear in the section files. Never fabricate or assume clause numbers or content. If a clause cannot be located in these files, state that the specific clause should be verified against a current copy of the standard.
2. Citation format: Use "Clause X.Y.Z" for individual clauses, e.g. "Clause 3.3.2 of AS 4084.1:2023" or "Clauses 5.2.1 to 5.2.4" for a range. For tables, use "Table X.Y" e.g. "Table 2.7.4". For figures, use "Figure X.Y" or reference as "[FIGURE X.Y — description]" where figures are not fully extracted.
3. Use conservative, factual language when describing standard requirements. Avoid subjective interpretation — describe what the standard requires in objective terms. Use "the standard requires" or "Clause X.Y specifies" rather than interpretive language.
4. Always use Australian English spelling (e.g. analyse, centre, metre, behaviour, organisational).
5. If a clause cannot be located in these files, state this explicitly. Do not guess or reconstruct clause content from memory.
6. Preserve all technical precision. This is a structural engineering standard. Maintain all formula notation, symbols, dimensional conventions, and technical terminology exactly as it appears in the text.
7. Distinguish between normative and informative content. Sections 1–7 are normative (mandatory requirements). Appendices A, B, C are normative (mandatory); Appendices D, E are informative (guidance). When citing appendix content, note whether it is normative or informative.
8. Distinguish between the standard and legislation. AS 4084.1 is a technical standard, not legislation. It may be called up by or referenced in WHS legislation, but is not itself law. For legislative context, consult WHS Act and Regulations for your jurisdiction.
9. Note text extraction limitations. The reference files were extracted from a text conversion of the standard. Tables, figures, and diagrams may not be fully preserved. If a query depends on specific table data or figures, advise the user to verify against the published standard.

Section Index

Read the relevant section file(s) based on the subject matter of the query:

File	Section	Key Clauses	When to Read
sections/section-01-scope-and-general.md	Section 1 — Scope and General	Clauses 1.1–1.5	Scope of the standard (adjustable pallet racking types covered and excluded), definitions (Clause 1.3) including racking terminology (adjustable pallet racking, aisle width, base plate, bay height/width, closed-face/open-face racking, down-aisle/cross-aisle, pallet beam/connector, uprights, etc.), design requirements including upgrading (Clause 1.5), normative references
sections/section-02-actions.md	Section 2 — Actions	Clauses 2.1–2.7	Permanent actions (Clause 2.2), variable actions (Clause 2.3) including unit loads, vertical/horizontal placement actions, rack-guided equipment, floor/walkway actions, installation actions, accidental actions (Clause 2.4), wind actions (Clause 2.5), seismic actions (Clause 2.6) including seismic mass, ductility, structural performance factor (Sp), drift calculation, action combinations for ultimate and serviceability limit states (Clause 2.7), action factors
sections/section-03-structural-analysis.md	Section 3 — Structural Analysis	Clauses 3.1–3.3	Design criteria (Clause 3.2), global structural analysis (Clause 3.3) including methods of analysis (LA, GNA, LBA, GMNIAc, GMNIAs), design imperfections and eccentricities, basis of structural analysis, analysis of braced/unbraced racking in down-aisle and cross-aisle directions, stability analysis methods, frame classification (Clause 3.3.8), design actions (Clause 3.3.9)
sections/section-04-design-procedures.md	Section 4 — Design Procedures	Clauses 4.1–4.2	Design criteria (Clause 4.2) including design based on LA/GNA/GMNIAc/GMNIAs structural analysis, ultimate limit state (ULS) design for compression, bending, shear, local buckling of individual members, combined compression and bending, serviceability criteria (Clause 4.2.5) including deflection and drift limits
sections/section-05-cold-formed-steel.md	Section 5 — Design of Cold-formed Steel Uprights and Pallet Beams	Clauses 5.1–5.3	Uprights (Clause 5.2) including section properties, flexural capacity, axial capacity, combined compression and bending, pallet beams (Clause 5.3)
sections/section-06-connections-base-plates.md	Section 6 — Connections and Base Plates	Clauses 6.1–6.6	Pallet beam connections (Clause 6.2), base plates (Clause 6.3) general and design procedures, base plate anchorage (Clause 6.4) design of anchors, frame spacers (Clause 6.5), upright splices (Clause 6.6)
sections/section-07-test-methods.md	Section 7 — Test Methods	Clauses 7.1–7.10	Introduction (Clause 7.1), evaluation of tests (Clause 7.2) including interpolation of test results and derivation of design capacity, tests on uprights (Clause 7.3) including stub column tests, compression tests (buckling curves), distortional buckling tests, bending tests, pallet beam tests (Clause 7.4), connection tests (Clause 7.5) including cantilever test, portal test, looseness tests, shear tests, upright frame tests (Clause 7.6), shear stiffness tests (Clause 7.7), upright splice tests (Clause 7.8), floor connection tests (Clause 7.9), Charpy impact tests (Clause 7.10)
sections/appendix-a-amplified-sway.md	Appendix A (normative)	—	Amplified sway method for down-aisle stability analysis
sections/appendix-b-simplified-down-aisle.md	Appendix B (normative)	—	Simplified equations for design of a regular storage rack in the down-aisle direction
sections/appendix-c-simplified-cross-aisle.md	Appendix C (normative)	—	Simplified method for cross-aisle stability analysis
sections/appendix-d-load-combinations.md	Appendix D (informative)	—	Load case combinations — guidance
sections/appendix-e-rotational-stiffness.md	Appendix E (informative)	—	Calculation of initial rotational stiffness for connections using component method

Regulatory Standing

AS 4084.1:2023 is a Category 4 — Advisory/Best Practice Standard. It is not directly mandated by specific legislation but represents the primary Australian design standard for steel storage racking and the benchmark for demonstrating compliance with WHS general duties.

Whilst not a legislatively mandated standard, AS 4084.1 has significant regulatory weight:

• WHS legislation across all Australian jurisdictions requires that plant (including racking) be designed and manufactured to be without risks to health and safety so far as is reasonably practicable.
• Compliance with AS 4084.1 is widely accepted as evidence of meeting this "reasonably practicable" duty for storage racking design.
• Some jurisdictions reference the standard in codes of practice related to warehouse and storage safety.
• Risk assessments for racking systems commonly reference this standard as the basis for determining appropriate design and control measures.
• Designers, engineers and PCBU may be expected to justify departures from this standard if challenged.

Always check jurisdiction-specific requirements, as some states or territories may reference the standard in their own legislation or guidance.

For full regulatory context, consult the relevant WHS Act and Regulations for your jurisdiction.

Workflow

1. Identify the subject matter from the user's query — is it a clause lookup, a design verification, a compliance check, or a general question about the standard?
2. Read the relevant section file(s) — consult the Section Index above to determine which file(s) to read. For design queries, you may need to read multiple sections (e.g. for a pallet beam design check, read Section 2 for actions, Section 4 for design procedures, and Section 5 for cold-formed steel design criteria).
3. For design verification: Read the relevant normative section first, then assess whether the design detail in question meets the stated requirements. Be specific about which clause applies and what it requires.
4. Cite clauses accurately from the extracted text. Include clause numbers, table references, and figure references as they appear in the source files.
5. Preserve technical notation. When discussing design procedures or formulae, maintain the exact notation, symbols and dimensional conventions used in the standard.
6. Cross-reference where appropriate — design of racking elements typically requires consideration of both the specific element design (Section 5) and the overall structural analysis approach (Section 3).
7. Flag limitations — if the query depends on table data or figures that may not be fully preserved in the text extraction, advise the user to verify against the published standard.

Common Query Routing

Query Topic	Primary Section(s)	Key Clauses
Definitions / terminology	Section 1	Clause 1.3
Scope — what racking is covered	Section 1	Clause 1.1
Normative references	Section 1	Clause 1.2
Design requirements / upgrading	Section 1	Clause 1.5
Permanent actions	Section 2	Clause 2.2
Unit load definition / placement	Section 2	Clause 2.3.2–2.3.4
Rack-guided equipment loads	Section 2	Clause 2.3.5
Installation/repair actions	Section 2	Clause 2.3.7
Accidental actions (impact, etc.)	Section 2	Clause 2.4
Wind actions	Section 2	Clause 2.5
Seismic design requirements	Section 2 + Section 3	Clauses 2.6, 3.3.9
Action combinations	Section 2	Clause 2.7
Design criteria overview	Section 3	Clause 3.2
Structural analysis methods (LA, GNA, GMNIA)	Section 3	Clause 3.3
Design imperfections / eccentricities	Section 3	Clause 3.3.2
Down-aisle analysis	Section 3	Clause 3.3.4
Cross-aisle analysis	Section 3	Clause 3.3.5
Frame classification	Section 3	Clause 3.3.8
Design procedures — ultimate limit states	Section 4	Clause 4.2
Design procedures — serviceability	Section 4	Clause 4.2.5
Upright design (compression, bending, combined)	Section 5	Clause 5.2
Pallet beam design	Section 5	Clause 5.3
Pallet beam connections	Section 6	Clause 6.2
Base plate design	Section 6	Clauses 6.3–6.4
Frame spacers design	Section 6	Clause 6.5
Upright splices	Section 6	Clause 6.6
Test methods — general approach	Section 7	Clauses 7.1–7.2
Upright testing (compression, bending, buckling)	Section 7	Clause 7.3
Pallet beam testing	Section 7	Clause 7.4
Connection testing (cantilever, portal, shear)	Section 7	Clause 7.5
Upright frame testing	Section 7	Clause 7.6
Shear stiffness testing	Section 7	Clause 7.7
Splice testing	Section 7	Clause 7.8
Floor connection testing	Section 7	Clause 7.9
Impact (Charpy) testing	Section 7	Clause 7.10
Amplified sway method	Appendix A	—
Simplified down-aisle design	Appendix B	—
Simplified cross-aisle design	Appendix C	—
Load case combinations	Appendix D	—
Connection stiffness calculation	Appendix E	—

Version Information

• Standard: AS 4084.1:2023, Steel storage racking — Part 1: Design
• Prepared by: Committee BD-062, Steel Storage Racking (Standards Australia)
• Approved: 13 March 2023
• Published: 12 May 2023
• Source: Licensed copy, text extracted from PDF
• Extraction method: Full text extracted with page headers/footers and copyright notices removed

Note: This skill covers AS 4084.1:2023 (Design) only. For operational and maintenance requirements, refer to AS 4084.2. For WHS legislative requirements, consult the relevant WHS Act and Regulations for your jurisdiction.