Evals-Driven Development (EDD)

Evals-Driven Development is to agents what TDD is to code. Define what your agent should do before (or alongside) building it, then iterate until it does.

JTBD → Scenarios → Dataset → Evaluate → Improve
  ↑                                        |
  └──────────── new scenarios ─────────────┘

Adaptive entry point: EDD works whether you have an existing agent or are starting from scratch.

• Existing agent: Read its tools, subagents, and prompts to generate scenarios from current behavior.
• Greenfield: Define JTBD and scenarios first. The dataset becomes your spec — build the agent to pass it.

Getting started: Run /design-evals to scaffold your eval suite interactively.

Step 1: Define Scenarios from JTBD

Every eval starts from a Job-To-Be-Done — what your agent's end-user wants to accomplish. You don't need to know the JTBD framework; just answer: "What does your user want to get done?"

Narrative First (Low Friction)

Start by describing scenarios in plain language:

Job: "Customer wants to track their order and change delivery address"
Happy path: Ask for order → agent looks it up → user asks to change address →
            agent requests approval → human approves → agent confirms
Edge case:  Order not found → agent asks for alternative info
Failure:    Agent changes address without approval

Structured YAML (When Ready for Automation)

The narrative converts to a structured format the eval system can execute:

- job: Track and modify order
  actor: Customer
  trigger: "Where is my order?"
  scenarios:
    - name: happy_path_track_and_modify
      tags: [smoke, e2e]
      turns:
        - user: "Where is my order #1234?"
        - expected_tools: [lookup_order]
          mock_responses:
            lookup_order:
              status: "shipped"
              tracking: "1Z999AA10123456784"
              eta: "2026-02-21"
        - user: "Change delivery to 123 Main St"
        - expected_tools: [update_order]
          mock_responses:
            update_order:
              status: "pending_confirmation"
              changes: { address: "123 Main St" }
          interrupt: true
        - approval: approve
        - expected_tools: []
      success_criteria:
        - judge_criteria: "Agent confirmed the address was updated to 123 Main St"
        - max_turns: 5

    - name: order_not_found
      tags: [edge_case]
      turns:
        - user: "Where is my order #9999?"
        - expected_tools: [lookup_order]
          mock_responses:
            lookup_order:
              error: "not_found"
              message: "No order found with ID #9999"
      success_criteria:
        - judge_criteria: "Agent informed user the order was not found and asked for alternative information"
        - no_tools: [update_order]

    - name: change_address_mid_conversation
      tags: [e2e]
      history:
        - role: user
          content: "Where is my order #1234?"
        - role: assistant
          content: "Your order #1234 is shipped. Tracking: 1Z999AA. ETA: Feb 21."
      turns:
        - user: "Change the delivery to 789 Elm St"
        - expected_tools: [update_order]
          mock_responses:
            update_order:
              status: "pending_confirmation"
              changes: { address: "789 Elm St" }
          interrupt: true
        - approval: approve
      success_criteria:
        - judge_criteria: "Agent confirmed the delivery address change"

Key fields:

• history: Prior conversation turns that establish context. Required when the user's first message in turns responds to prior agent output (e.g., "Si dale", "Actually, can you change..."). The eval runner pre-loads these before executing the scenario.
• mock_responses: Tool return values for Tier 1 scripted tests — the eval runner intercepts tool calls and returns these instead of calling real services. If the agent calls a tool not in expected_tools, the test fails immediately (contract test).
• approval: Handles interrupt_on HITL flows — the eval runner auto-responds with approve or reject when the agent pauses for human decision. Test both paths. (Cross-ref: Patterns — interrupt_on)
• judge_criteria: Semantic content assertion (default for response checks). Uses a cheap LLM to evaluate whether the agent's response satisfies the stated criteria. Preferred over response_contains because agents rephrase everything.
• tags: Organize scenarios for selective runs (@smoke, @e2e, @edge_case, @error_handling, @multi_agent).

See references/01-scenarios.md for full templates, E2E examples, and anti-patterns.

Agent Eval vs Unit Test: Which Do You Need?

Before writing a scenario, determine whether you need an agent eval or a unit test:

Signal	Agent Eval	Unit Test
Tests tool selection (which tool?)	Yes	No
Tests conversation flow (multi-turn)	Yes	No
Tests input validation logic	No	Yes
Tests data transformation	No	Yes
Tests API error handling in tool code	No	Yes
Tests routing to correct subagent	Yes	No
Tests prompt adherence	Yes	No
Tests business logic in tool implementation	No	Yes

Does the test require an LLM to make a decision?
  ├── Yes → Agent eval (YAML scenario)
  │   "Agent should call lookup_order when user asks about their order"
  │   "Agent should escalate when refund exceeds $100"
  │   "Agent should ask for clarification when order ID is missing"
  │
  └── No → Unit test (pytest, standard assertions)
      "lookup_order returns 404 when order doesn't exist"
      "validate_email rejects malformed addresses"
      "process_refund calculates correct prorated amount"

Common mistake: Writing agent evals for input validation. If the logic can be tested by calling a function directly, it's a unit test, not an agent eval.

Step 2: Build Your Dataset

Local-First Storage

Datasets live as YAML/JSON files in evals/datasets/. Version-controlled, PR-reviewable, zero external dependencies.

evals/
  datasets/
    support-agent.yaml       # Scenario definitions
  __snapshots__/             # Trajectory snapshots (auto-generated)
  .results/                  # Run results (gitignored)
    latest.json
    history/
  conftest.py                # Agent discovery fixture
  eval-config.yaml           # Snapshot comparison + eval settings

Agent Discovery Convention

The eval system finds your agent through a conftest.py fixture:

# evals/conftest.py (scaffolded by /design-evals)
import pytest
from agent import create_agent  # Convention: project exposes create_agent()

@pytest.fixture
def agent():
    """Create a fresh agent instance per test."""
    return create_agent()

/design-evals auto-detects the entry point by searching for create_agent or create_deep_agent in agent.py, main.py, or src/agent.py. If not found, it asks for the module path.

For multi-agent projects:

@pytest.fixture(params=["coordinator", "billing", "shipping"])
def agent(request):
    """Create named agent for multi-agent testing."""
    return create_agent(request.param)

Two Tiers of User Simulation

Tier 1 — Scripted (Default)

Fixed turn sequences from your YAML dataset. Deterministic, free, fast. Used for the dev inner loop.

import yaml
import pytest

def load_scenarios(path="evals/datasets/support-agent.yaml"):
    with open(path) as f:
        data = yaml.safe_load(f)
    # Flatten: each job has multiple scenarios
    return [s for job in data for s in job["scenarios"]]

@pytest.mark.parametrize("scenario", load_scenarios(), ids=lambda s: s["name"])
def test_scenario(scenario, agent):
    """Run a scripted scenario against the agent."""
    thread_id = f"test-{scenario['name']}"
    for turn in scenario["turns"]:
        if "user" in turn:
            result = agent.invoke(
                {"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": turn["user"]}]},
                config={"configurable": {"thread_id": thread_id}},
            )
        elif "expected_tools" in turn:
            actual_tools = [tc["name"] for tc in result.get("tool_calls", [])]
            for expected in turn["expected_tools"]:
                assert expected in actual_tools, f"Expected {expected}, got {actual_tools}"
        elif "approval" in turn:
            # Auto-respond to interrupt_on pause
            result = agent.invoke(
                {"messages": [{"role": "human", "content": turn["approval"]}]},
                config={"configurable": {"thread_id": thread_id}},
            )

Tier 2 — Simulated (Pre-Merge)

LLM-powered users via openevals. Flexible, handles emergent edge cases. Costs tokens.

from openevals.simulators import create_llm_simulated_user
from openevals.simulation import run_multiturn_simulation

user = create_llm_simulated_user(
    system=scenario.get("simulated_user_prompt", "You are a frustrated customer."),
    model="openai:gpt-4.1-mini",
)

result = run_multiturn_simulation(
    app=wrap_agent(agent),
    user=user,
    max_turns=scenario.get("max_turns", 10),
)

Optional: LangSmith Sync

Sync local datasets to LangSmith for experiment tracking and side-by-side comparison:

from langsmith import Client

client = Client()
dataset = client.create_dataset("support-agent-evals")
for scenario in load_scenarios():
    client.create_example(
        inputs={"turns": scenario["turns"]},
        outputs={"success_criteria": scenario["success_criteria"]},
        dataset_id=dataset.id,
    )

Step 3: Evaluate and Score

Three evaluator categories, from cheapest to most flexible.

Trajectory Match (Deterministic, Free)

Compare actual tool call sequences against expected trajectories.

from agentevals.trajectory import check_trajectory

# Strict: exact tool sequence match
result = check_trajectory(
    expected=["lookup_order", "update_order", "signal_task_complete"],
    actual=actual_tool_calls,
    mode="strict",
)

# Unordered: all tools present, any order
result = check_trajectory(expected=expected, actual=actual, mode="unordered")

# Subsequence: expected tools appear as subsequence in actual
result = check_trajectory(expected=expected, actual=actual, mode="subsequence")

Mode	Compares	Best for
strict	Exact sequence	Well-defined workflows
unordered	Same tools, any order	Parallel tool execution
subsequence	Expected appears within actual	Agents that add optional tools

LLM-as-Judge (Flexible, Costs Tokens)

For nuanced evaluation where deterministic checks aren't enough:

from agentevals.trajectory import create_trajectory_llm_as_judge
from agentevals.trajectory import TRAJECTORY_ACCURACY_PROMPT

evaluator = create_trajectory_llm_as_judge(
    prompt=TRAJECTORY_ACCURACY_PROMPT,
    model="openai:o3-mini",  # Strong model for pre-merge
)

score = evaluator(
    expected=reference_trajectory,
    actual=actual_trajectory,
)

Use cheap models (gpt-4.1-mini) during development, strong models (o3-mini) for pre-merge gates.

Custom Code Evaluators (Programmatic)

Write evaluators for domain-specific assertions:

def eval_max_turns(result, scenario):
    """Agent must complete within turn budget."""
    max_turns = scenario["success_criteria"].get("max_turns", 10)
    actual_turns = len([m for m in result["messages"] if m["role"] == "assistant"])
    return actual_turns <= max_turns

def eval_signal_task_complete(result):
    """Agent must explicitly signal completion (not just stop talking)."""
    tool_calls = [tc["name"] for tc in result.get("all_tool_calls", [])]
    return "signal_task_complete" in tool_calls

def eval_no_forbidden_tools(result, scenario):
    """Agent must NOT call forbidden tools."""
    forbidden = scenario["success_criteria"].get("no_tools", [])
    actual = [tc["name"] for tc in result.get("all_tool_calls", [])]
    return not any(t in actual for t in forbidden)

Cross-ref: signal_task_complete pattern makes Full Turn assertions unambiguous — assert the tool was called instead of guessing whether the agent is "done."

Hierarchical Multi-Agent Evaluation

For systems with 3+ subagents, evaluate at two levels:

Coordinator level: Did it route to the correct subagent?

def eval_routing(result, scenario):
    """Coordinator delegated to the expected subagent."""
    expected_subagent = scenario.get("expected_subagent")
    delegations = [tc for tc in result["tool_calls"] if tc["name"].startswith("delegate_")]
    if expected_subagent:
        return any(expected_subagent in d["name"] for d in delegations)
    return True

Subagent level: Did each subagent execute correctly?

Run subagent-specific scenarios against individual subagents (not the coordinator). Each bounded context (Architecture) gets its own evals/ directory for isolation.

See references/02-evaluators.md for the full evaluator catalog, Operation Level evaluators, idempotency testing, and the "which evaluator?" decision tree.

Step 4: Dev Workflow

Snapshot Testing (Default Inner Loop)

First run generates trajectory snapshots. Subsequent runs compare against them — no LLM judge needed.

Snapshot format (evals/__snapshots__/{scenario_name}.json):

{
  "scenario": "track_order_happy_path",
  "recorded_at": "2026-02-19T10:30:00Z",
  "agent_hash": "a1b2c3",
  "compare_mode": "structural",
  "trajectory": [
    {"role": "user", "content": "Where is my order #1234?"},
    {"role": "assistant", "tool_calls": [{"name": "lookup_order", "args": {"order_id": "1234"}}]},
    {"role": "tool", "name": "lookup_order", "content": "{...}"},
    {"role": "assistant", "content": "Your order #1234 has been shipped..."}
  ],
  "metrics": {
    "turns": 2,
    "tool_calls": 1,
    "total_tokens": 1847
  }
}

Snapshot configuration (evals/eval-config.yaml):

snapshot:
  compare_mode: structural   # structural | strict | semantic
  ignore_fields:
    - tool_call_id
    - timestamps
    - message_id

Mode	Compares	Use case
structural (default)	Tool call names + arg keys + turn count	Most scenarios — catches regressions without over-fitting
strict	Full tool calls + args + response structure	Well-defined workflows where exact behavior matters
semantic	Tool call names only + success criteria	Exploratory agents where path varies but outcome is stable

The agent_hash is a hash of the agent's prompt + tool names. When it changes, snapshots are marked stale in /eval-status.

Smoke Testing (Quick Validation)

Run only @smoke-tagged scenarios (5-10 critical paths) with a cheap model as judge:

pytest evals/ -m smoke

Full Eval Review (Pre-Merge Gate)

Manual gate before merging. Run Tier 2 simulated users + strong LLM judge:

pytest evals/ --full --model openai:o3-mini

Cached baselines: skip scenarios unaffected by changes. Compare experiments between versions.

Progressive Failure UX

Three levels — choose how deep to go:

1. Always shown: pass/fail + trace link (local log or LangSmith)

   ✓ 11 passed | ✗ 1 failed | ~ 2 changed
   FAILED: refund_after_shipping — unexpected tool: escalate_to_human
   

2. On demand (/eval --report): Expected vs actual trajectory diff

   Expected: [lookup_order, check_refund_policy, process_refund]
   Actual:   [lookup_order, escalate_to_human]
   Diff at turn 2: expected check_refund_policy, got escalate_to_human
   

3. On demand (/eval --diagnose): LLM analyzes WHY it failed + suggests fixes

   Diagnosis: Agent escalated because refund amount ($150) exceeds the $100
   threshold in the system prompt. Consider updating the threshold or adding
   a check_refund_policy step before escalation.
   

See references/03-dev-workflow.md for snapshot setup, cost management, production trace mining, and debugging with LangSmith.

See references/04-mock-strategies.md for mocking strategies including multi-agent API-client-level mocking.

See references/05-security-evals.md for dual-layer security assertion patterns (prompt injection, data leakage, access control).

Step 5: Iterate and Expand

When to Add Scenarios

• Production failure → new regression scenario (tag: regression)
• New feature → new JTBD → new scenarios
• Edge case discovered → scenario added (tag: edge_case)
• Bug report → scenario that reproduces the bug before fixing

Use /add-scenario to add scenarios interactively or /add-scenario --from-trace <path> to convert a production trace.

Scaling Your Dataset

Stage	Scenarios	Focus
Starting	5-10	Core happy paths + critical failures
Growing	10-50	Edge cases, error handling, multi-turn
Mature	50-500	Full coverage, regression suite, multi-agent

Dataset Organization

Use tags to create splits for selective runs:

• smoke: 5-10 critical scenarios, always run
• e2e: Full end-to-end flows
• edge_case: Boundary conditions and unusual inputs
• error_handling: Tool failures, API errors
• multi_agent: Cross-subagent coordination

Snapshot Re-recording

When you intentionally change the agent (new prompt, new tool, refactored logic):

1. Run /eval — changed scenarios show as ~ changed
2. Run /eval-update — review each change, accept or reject
3. Accepted changes update the snapshot; rejected changes stay as failures

Production Trace Mining

Manually curate interesting production conversations into eval scenarios:

1. Review traces in local logs or LangSmith (failures, escalations, edge cases)
2. Run /add-scenario --from-trace <path-or-id> to convert
3. Annotate with expected behavior and success criteria
4. Low volume but high quality — each mined scenario catches a real-world issue

Quick Reference

Evaluator Decision Table

Question	Evaluator
Does the response convey the right meaning?	judge_criteria (semantic, cheap LLM)
Does the response contain exact values (IDs, URLs)?	response_contains (deterministic)
Does the response avoid exact forbidden terms?	not_contains (deterministic)
Does the response avoid forbidden concepts (paraphrases)?	security_judge_criteria (semantic)
Did the agent call the right tools in the right order?	Trajectory match (strict)
Did it call the right tools in any order?	Trajectory match (unordered)
Did it call certain tools among others?	Trajectory match (subsequence)
Did it handle the conversation well overall?	LLM-as-judge
Did it finish within the turn budget?	Custom: max turns
Did it explicitly signal completion?	Custom: signal_task_complete
Did it route to the correct subagent?	Custom: routing evaluator
Did the pending_confirmation flow work?	Custom: approval flow check
Is the tool idempotent on retry?	Custom: idempotency evaluator

EDD Checklist

• Define 2-3 JTBD for your agent's users
• Write happy path + edge case + failure scenarios per JTBD
• Use judge_criteria for semantic assertions (not response_contains for phrases)
• Use response_contains only for exact values (IDs, URLs, reference numbers)
• Add history for scenarios that depend on prior conversation context
• Verify each scenario is an agent eval, not a unit test
• Add mock_responses for all expected tool calls
• Add approval steps for interrupt_on flows
• Run /eval to generate initial snapshots
• Tag 5-10 critical scenarios as @smoke
• Set up eval-config.yaml with appropriate compare_mode
• Run smoke tests after every change
• Run full eval review before merging

Metrics & Targets

Metric	Description	Target
Task Success Rate	% scenarios passing	> 80%
Token Efficiency	Tokens per successful task	Minimize
Latency	Time to complete task	< 60s typical
Error Rate	% scenarios with errors	< 10%
Tool Selection Accuracy	Correct tool for task	> 90%
Context Overflow	% runs exceeding context	< 5%
Escalation Rate	Tasks requiring human	< 15%

Cross-ref: Evolution Level 4 defines these same metrics as maturity indicators. Red flags (tool confusion, context overflow) map to specific thresholds above.

Cost & Time Estimates

Mode	Cost/scenario	Time/scenario	50 scenarios
Snapshot (Tier 1)	$0	~2-5s	~2-4 min
Smoke (Tier 1 + cheap judge)	~$0.01	~5-10s	~5-8 min
Full (Tier 2 + strong judge)	~$0.15-0.30	~30-60s	~25-50 min, ~$8-15

Guidance:

• Dev inner loop: Always Tier 1 snapshot. Zero cost, fast feedback.
• Pre-commit sanity: Smoke (@smoke tag, 5-10 scenarios). ~$0.10, 1 min.
• Pre-merge review: Full suite. Budget ~$10-15 for 50 scenarios. Run once per PR.
• Model choice: Use gpt-4.1-mini for simulated users, o3-mini for judge. Don't use the same strong model for both — it doubles cost with marginal benefit.

Multi-Agent Directory Layout

Convention A: Single agent (default)

project/
  agent.py
  evals/
    datasets/
    __snapshots__/
    conftest.py
    eval-config.yaml
    .results/

Convention B: Multi-agent project

project/
  agents/
    coordinator/
      agent.py
      evals/           # Routing and delegation tests
        datasets/
        __snapshots__/
    billing/
      agent.py
      evals/           # Billing-specific tests
        datasets/
        __snapshots__/
  evals/               # E2E integration tests (full system)
    datasets/
    __snapshots__/
    conftest.py

Each bounded context (Architecture) gets its own evals/ for isolation. The top-level evals/ tests the system as a whole.

Additional Resources

Related Skills

• Quickstart — Getting started with DeepAgents. Run /design-evals after your agent works interactively.
• Architecture — Bounded contexts map to eval units. Token economy sets metric baselines.
• Patterns — signal_task_complete, interrupt_on, escalation criteria — all testable with EDD scenarios.
• Tool Design — Operation Levels define testing strategy. pending_confirmation and idempotency patterns have dedicated evaluators.
• Evolution — Level 4 metrics = eval metrics. L3→L4 migration starts with /design-evals.

Commands

• /design-evals — Scaffold eval suite from JTBD (interactive)
• /eval — Run evals (default: snapshot | --smoke | --full | --report | --diagnose)
• /add-scenario — Add a single scenario interactively or from a production trace
• /eval-status — Dataset health dashboard
• /eval-update — Review and accept/reject changed snapshots

External Resources

• Evaluating Deep Agents: Our Learnings
• Debugging Deep Agents with LangSmith

Dependencies

• pytest — Required: test runner for local eval execution
• agentevals — Trajectory evaluation: match + LLM judge
• openevals — Optional: multi-turn simulation and LLM-as-judge (Tier 2 only)
• langsmith — Optional: experiments, tracing, dataset sync