SAP SQLScript Development Guide

Overview

SQLScript is SAP HANA's procedural extension to SQL, enabling complex data-intensive logic execution directly within the database layer. It follows the code-to-data paradigm, pushing computation to where data resides rather than moving data to the application layer.

Key Characteristics

Case-insensitive language
All statements end with semicolons
Variables use colon prefix when referenced (:variableName)
No colon when assigning values
Use DUMMY table for single-row operations

Two Logic Types

Type	Description	Execution
Declarative	Pure SQL sequences	Converted to data flow graphs, processed in parallel
Imperative	Control structures (IF, WHILE, FOR)	Processed sequentially, prevents parallel execution

Overview
Container Types
Data Types
Variable Declaration
Control Structures
Table Types
Cursors
Exception Handling
AMDP Integration
Performance Best Practices
System Limits
Debugging Tools
Quick Reference
Additional Resources

Container Types

1. Anonymous Blocks

Single-use logic not stored in the database. Useful for testing and ad-hoc execution.

DO [(<parameter_clause>)]
BEGIN [SEQUENTIAL EXECUTION]
  <body>
END;

Example:

DO
BEGIN
  DECLARE lv_count INTEGER;
  SELECT COUNT(*) INTO lv_count FROM "MYTABLE";
  SELECT :lv_count AS record_count FROM DUMMY;
END;

2. Stored Procedures

Reusable database objects with input/output parameters.

CREATE [OR REPLACE] PROCEDURE <procedure_name>
  (
    [IN <param> <datatype>],
    [OUT <param> <datatype>],
    [INOUT <param> <datatype>]
  )
  LANGUAGE SQLSCRIPT
  [SQL SECURITY {DEFINER | INVOKER}]
  [DEFAULT SCHEMA <schema_name>]
  [READS SQL DATA | READS SQL DATA WITH RESULT VIEW <view_name>]
AS
BEGIN
  <procedure_body>
END;

3. User-Defined Functions

Scalar UDF - Returns single value:

CREATE FUNCTION <function_name> (<input_parameters>)
RETURNS <scalar_type>
LANGUAGE SQLSCRIPT
AS
BEGIN
  <function_body>
  RETURN <value>;
END;

Table UDF - Returns table (read-only):

CREATE FUNCTION <function_name> (<input_parameters>)
RETURNS TABLE (<column_definitions>)
LANGUAGE SQLSCRIPT
READS SQL DATA
AS
BEGIN
  RETURN SELECT ... FROM ...;
END;

Data Types

SQLScript supports comprehensive data types for different use cases. See references/data-types.md for complete documentation including:

Numeric types (TINYINT, INTEGER, DECIMAL, etc.)
Character types (VARCHAR, NVARCHAR, CLOB, etc.)
Date/Time types (DATE, TIME, TIMESTAMP, SECONDDATE)
Binary types (VARBINARY, BLOB)
Type conversion functions (CAST, TO_ functions)
NULL handling patterns

Variable Declaration

Scalar Variables

DECLARE <variable_name> <datatype> [:= <initial_value>];

-- Examples
DECLARE lv_name NVARCHAR(100);
DECLARE lv_count INTEGER := 0;
DECLARE lv_date DATE := CURRENT_DATE;

Note: Uninitialized variables default to NULL.

Table Variables

Implicit declaration:

lt_result = SELECT * FROM "MYTABLE" WHERE status = 'A';

Explicit declaration:

DECLARE lt_data TABLE (
  id INTEGER,
  name NVARCHAR(100),
  amount DECIMAL(15,2)
);

Using TABLE LIKE:

DECLARE lt_copy TABLE LIKE :lt_original;

Arrays

DECLARE arr INTEGER ARRAY := ARRAY(1, 2, 3, 4, 5);
-- Access: arr[1], arr[2], etc. (1-based index)
-- Note: Arrays cannot be returned from procedures

Control Structures

IF-ELSE Statement

IF <condition1> THEN
  <statements>
[ELSEIF <condition2> THEN
  <statements>]
[ELSE
  <statements>]
END IF;

Comparison Operators:

Operator	Meaning
`=`	Equal to
`>`	Greater than
`<`	Less than
`>=`	Greater than or equal
`<=`	Less than or equal
`!=`, `<>`	Not equal

Important: IF-ELSE cannot be used within SELECT statements. Use CASE WHEN instead.

WHILE Loop

WHILE <condition> DO
  <statements>
END WHILE;

FOR Loop

-- Numeric range
FOR i IN 1..10 DO
  <statements>
END FOR;

-- Reverse
FOR i IN REVERSE 10..1 DO
  <statements>
END FOR;

-- Cursor iteration
FOR row AS <cursor_name> DO
  <statements using row.column_name>
END FOR;

LOOP with EXIT

LOOP
  <statements>
  IF <condition> THEN
    BREAK;
  END IF;
END LOOP;

Table Types

Define reusable table structures:

CREATE TYPE <type_name> AS TABLE (
  <column1> <datatype>,
  <column2> <datatype>,
  ...
);

Usage in procedures:

CREATE PROCEDURE get_employees (OUT et_result MY_TABLE_TYPE)
LANGUAGE SQLSCRIPT AS
BEGIN
  et_result = SELECT * FROM "EMPLOYEES";
END;

Cursors

Cursors handle result sets row by row. Pattern: Declare → Open → Fetch → Close

Performance Note: Cursors bypass the database optimizer and process rows sequentially. Use primarily with primary key-based queries. Prefer set-based operations when possible.

DECLARE CURSOR <cursor_name> FOR
  SELECT <columns> FROM <table> [WHERE <condition>];

OPEN <cursor_name>;

FETCH <cursor_name> INTO <variables>;

CLOSE <cursor_name>;

Complete Example:

DO
BEGIN
  DECLARE lv_id INTEGER;
  DECLARE lv_name NVARCHAR(100);
  DECLARE CURSOR cur_employees FOR
    SELECT id, name FROM "EMPLOYEES" WHERE dept = 'IT';

  OPEN cur_employees;
  FETCH cur_employees INTO lv_id, lv_name;
  WHILE NOT cur_employees::NOTFOUND DO
    -- Process row
    SELECT :lv_id, :lv_name FROM DUMMY;
    FETCH cur_employees INTO lv_id, lv_name;
  END WHILE;
  CLOSE cur_employees;
END;

FOR Loop Alternative:

FOR row AS cur_employees DO
  SELECT row.id, row.name FROM DUMMY;
END FOR;

Exception Handling

EXIT HANDLER

Suspends execution and performs cleanup when exceptions occur.

DECLARE EXIT HANDLER FOR <condition_value>
  <statement>;

Condition values:

SQLEXCEPTION - Any SQL exception
SQL_ERROR_CODE <number> - Specific error code

Access error details:

::SQL_ERROR_CODE - Numeric error code
::SQL_ERROR_MESSAGE - Error message text

Example:

CREATE PROCEDURE safe_insert (IN iv_id INTEGER, IN iv_name NVARCHAR(100))
LANGUAGE SQLSCRIPT AS
BEGIN
  DECLARE EXIT HANDLER FOR SQLEXCEPTION
  BEGIN
    SELECT ::SQL_ERROR_CODE AS err_code,
           ::SQL_ERROR_MESSAGE AS err_msg FROM DUMMY;
  END;

  INSERT INTO "MYTABLE" VALUES (:iv_id, :iv_name);
END;

CONDITION

Associate user-defined names with error codes:

DECLARE <condition_name> CONDITION FOR SQL_ERROR_CODE <number>;

-- Example
DECLARE duplicate_key CONDITION FOR SQL_ERROR_CODE 301;
DECLARE EXIT HANDLER FOR duplicate_key
  SELECT 'Duplicate key error' FROM DUMMY;

SIGNAL and RESIGNAL

Throw user-defined exceptions (codes 10000-19999):

-- Throw exception
SIGNAL <condition_name> SET MESSAGE_TEXT = '<message>';

-- Re-throw in handler
RESIGNAL [<condition_name>] [SET MESSAGE_TEXT = '<message>'];

Common Error Codes:

Code	Description
301	Unique constraint violation
1299	No data found

AMDP Integration

ABAP Managed Database Procedures allow SQLScript within ABAP classes.

Class Definition

CLASS zcl_my_amdp DEFINITION PUBLIC FINAL CREATE PUBLIC.
  PUBLIC SECTION.
    INTERFACES if_amdp_marker_hdb.  " Required interface

    TYPES: BEGIN OF ty_result,
             id   TYPE i,
             name TYPE string,
           END OF ty_result,
           tt_result TYPE STANDARD TABLE OF ty_result.

    CLASS-METHODS: get_data
      IMPORTING VALUE(iv_filter) TYPE string
      EXPORTING VALUE(et_result) TYPE tt_result.
ENDCLASS.

Method Implementation

CLASS zcl_my_amdp IMPLEMENTATION.
  METHOD get_data BY DATABASE PROCEDURE
    FOR HDB
    LANGUAGE SQLSCRIPT
    OPTIONS READ-ONLY
    USING ztable.

    et_result = SELECT id, name
                FROM ztable
                WHERE category = :iv_filter;
  ENDMETHOD.
ENDCLASS.

AMDP Restrictions

Parameters must be pass-by-value (no RETURNING)
Only scalar types, structures, internal tables allowed
No nested tables or deep structures
COMMIT/ROLLBACK not permitted
Must use Eclipse ADT for development
Auto-created on first invocation

Performance Best Practices

1. Reduce Data Volume Early

-- Good: Filter and project early
lt_filtered = SELECT col1, col2 FROM "BIGTABLE" WHERE status = 'A';
lt_result = SELECT a.col1, b.name
            FROM :lt_filtered AS a
            JOIN "LOOKUP" AS b ON a.id = b.id;

-- Bad: Join then filter
lt_result = SELECT a.col1, b.name
            FROM "BIGTABLE" AS a
            JOIN "LOOKUP" AS b ON a.id = b.id
            WHERE a.status = 'A';

2. Prefer Declarative Over Imperative

-- Good: Set-based operation
lt_result = SELECT id, amount * 1.1 AS new_amount FROM "ORDERS";

-- Bad: Row-by-row processing
FOR row AS cur_orders DO
  UPDATE "ORDERS" SET amount = row.amount * 1.1 WHERE id = row.id;
END FOR;

3. Avoid Engine Mixing

Don't mix Row Store and Column Store tables in same query
Avoid Calculation Engine functions with pure SQL
Use consistent storage types

4. Use UNION ALL Instead of UNION

-- Faster when duplicates impossible or acceptable
SELECT * FROM table1 UNION ALL SELECT * FROM table2;

-- Slower: removes duplicates
SELECT * FROM table1 UNION SELECT * FROM table2;

5. Avoid Dynamic SQL

-- Bad: Re-optimized each execution
EXECUTE IMMEDIATE 'SELECT * FROM ' || :lv_table;

-- Good: Static SQL with parameters
SELECT * FROM "MYTABLE" WHERE id = :lv_id;

6. Position Imperative Logic Last

Place control structures at the end of procedures to maximize parallel processing of declarative statements.

System Limits

Limit	Value
Table locks per transaction	16,383
Tables in a statement	4,095
SQL statement length	2 GB
Procedure size	Bounded by SQL statement length (2 GB)

Note: Actual limits may vary by HANA version. Consult SAP documentation for version-specific limits.

Debugging Tools

SQLScript Debugger - SAP Web IDE / Business Application Studio
Plan Visualizer - Analyze execution plans
Expensive Statement Trace - Identify bottlenecks
SQL Analyzer - Query optimization recommendations

Quick Reference

String Concatenation

lv_result = lv_str1 || ' ' || lv_str2;

NULL Handling

COALESCE(value, default_value)
IFNULL(value, default_value)
NULLIF(value1, value2)

Date Operations

ADD_DAYS(date, n)
ADD_MONTHS(date, n)
DAYS_BETWEEN(date1, date2)
CURRENT_DATE
CURRENT_TIMESTAMP

Type Conversion

CAST(value AS datatype)
TO_VARCHAR(value)
TO_INTEGER(value)
TO_DATE(string, 'YYYY-MM-DD')
TO_TIMESTAMP(string, 'YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS')

Related Skills

For comprehensive SAP development, combine this skill with:

Skill	Use Case
sap-abap	ABAP programming patterns for AMDP context
sap-abap-cds	CDS views that consume SQLScript procedures
sap-cap-capire	CAP framework database procedures integration
sap-hana-cli	HANA CLI for procedure deployment and testing
sap-btp-cloud-platform	BTP deployment of HANA artifacts

Bundled Resources

Reference Documentation

references/skill-reference-guide.md - Index of all references with quick navigation
references/glossary.md - SQLScript terminology and concepts
references/syntax-reference.md - Complete SQLScript syntax reference
references/built-in-functions.md - Built-in functions catalog
references/data-types.md - Data types and conversion
references/exception-handling.md - Exception handling patterns
references/amdp-integration.md - AMDP integration patterns
references/performance-guide.md - Optimization techniques
references/advanced-features.md - Lateral joins, JSON, query hints, currency conversion
references/troubleshooting.md - Common errors and solutions

Production-Ready Templates

Copy and customize these templates for common patterns:

templates/simple-procedure.sql - Basic stored procedure with error handling
templates/procedure-with-error-handling.sql - Comprehensive error handling patterns
templates/table-function.sql - Table UDF with validation
templates/scalar-function.sql - Scalar UDF examples
templates/amdp-class.abap - Complete AMDP class boilerplate
templates/amdp-procedure.sql - AMDP implementation template
templates/cursor-iteration.sql - Cursor patterns (classic and FOR loop)
templates/bulk-operations.sql - High-performance bulk operations

Specialized Agents

sqlscript-analyzer - Analyze code for performance issues and best practices
procedure-generator - Generate procedures interactively from requirements
amdp-helper - Assist with AMDP class creation and debugging

Slash Commands

/sqlscript-validate - Validate code with auto-fix capability
/sqlscript-optimize - Performance analysis and optimization suggestions
/sqlscript-convert - Convert between standalone and AMDP formats

Validation Hooks

Automatic code quality checks on Write/Edit operations:

Error handling completeness
Security vulnerabilities
Performance anti-patterns
Naming conventions
AMDP compliance

sap-sqlscript