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DSL 쿼리, DAO 패턴, 트랜잭션, HikariCP 커넥션 풀링, Flyway 마이그레이션 및 저장소(repository) 패턴을 포함한 JetBrains Exposed ORM 패턴입니다.
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DSL 쿼리, DAO, 트랜잭션 및 프로덕션 환경용 설정을 포함하여 JetBrains Exposed ORM을 사용한 데이터베이스 액세스를 위한 포괄적인 패턴입니다.
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DSL 쿼리, DAO, 트랜잭션 및 프로덕션 환경용 설정을 포함하여 JetBrains Exposed ORM을 사용한 데이터베이스 액세스를 위한 포괄적인 패턴입니다.
Exposed는 두 가지 쿼리 스타일을 제공합니다. 직접적인 SQL 스타일 표현을 위한 DSL과 엔티티 생명주기 관리를 위한 DAO입니다. HikariCP는 HikariConfig를 통해 구성된 재사용 가능한 데이터베이스 커넥션 풀을 관리합니다. Flyway는 시작 시 버전이 지정된 SQL 마이그레이션 스크립트를 실행하여 스키마를 동기화 상태로 유지합니다. 모든 데이터베이스 작업은 코루틴 안전성과 원자성(atomicity)을 위해 newSuspendedTransaction 블록 내에서 실행됩니다. 저장소 패턴은 비즈니스 로직이 데이터 계층과 분리되도록 Exposed 쿼리를 인터페이스 뒤로 래핑하며, 테스트 시에는 인메모리 H2 데이터베이스를 사용할 수 있습니다.
suspend fun findUserById(id: UUID): UserRow? =
newSuspendedTransaction {
UsersTable.selectAll()
.where { UsersTable.id eq id }
.map { it.toUser() }
.singleOrNull()
}
suspend fun createUser(request: CreateUserRequest): User =
newSuspendedTransaction {
UserEntity.new {
name = request.name
email = request.email
role = request.role
}.toModel()
}
val hikariConfig = HikariConfig().apply {
driverClassName = config.driver
jdbcUrl = config.url
username = config.username
password = config.password
maximumPoolSize = config.maxPoolSize
isAutoCommit = false
transactionIsolation = "TRANSACTION_READ_COMMITTED"
validate()
}
// DatabaseFactory.kt
object DatabaseFactory {
fun create(config: DatabaseConfig): Database {
val hikariConfig = HikariConfig().apply {
driverClassName = config.driver
jdbcUrl = config.url
username = config.username
password = config.password
maximumPoolSize = config.maxPoolSize
isAutoCommit = false
transactionIsolation = "TRANSACTION_READ_COMMITTED"
validate()
}
return Database.connect(HikariDataSource(hikariConfig))
}
}
data class DatabaseConfig(
val url: String,
val driver: String = "org.postgresql.Driver",
val username: String = "",
val password: String = "",
val maxPoolSize: Int = 10,
)
// FlywayMigration.kt
fun runMigrations(config: DatabaseConfig) {
Flyway.configure()
.dataSource(config.url, config.username, config.password)
.locations("classpath:db/migration")
.baselineOnMigrate(true)
.load()
.migrate()
}
// 애플리케이션 시작 시
fun Application.module() {
val config = DatabaseConfig(
url = environment.config.property("database.url").getString(),
username = environment.config.property("database.username").getString(),
password = environment.config.property("database.password").getString(),
)
runMigrations(config)
val database = DatabaseFactory.create(config)
// ...
}
-- src/main/resources/db/migration/V1__create_users.sql
CREATE TABLE users (
id UUID PRIMARY KEY DEFAULT gen_random_uuid(),
name VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL,
email VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL UNIQUE,
role VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL DEFAULT 'USER',
metadata JSONB,
created_at TIMESTAMPTZ NOT NULL DEFAULT NOW(),
updated_at TIMESTAMPTZ NOT NULL DEFAULT NOW()
);
CREATE INDEX idx_users_email ON users(email);
CREATE INDEX idx_users_role ON users(role);
// tables/UsersTable.kt
object UsersTable : UUIDTable("users") {
val name = varchar("name", 100)
val email = varchar("email", 255).uniqueIndex()
val role = enumerationByName<Role>("role", 20)
val metadata = jsonb<UserMetadata>("metadata", Json.Default).nullable()
val createdAt = timestampWithTimeZone("created_at").defaultExpression(CurrentTimestampWithTimeZone)
val updatedAt = timestampWithTimeZone("updated_at").defaultExpression(CurrentTimestampWithTimeZone)
}
object OrdersTable : UUIDTable("orders") {
val userId = uuid("user_id").references(UsersTable.id)
val status = enumerationByName<OrderStatus>("status", 20)
val totalAmount = long("total_amount")
val currency = varchar("currency", 3)
val createdAt = timestampWithTimeZone("created_at").defaultExpression(CurrentTimestampWithTimeZone)
}
object OrderItemsTable : UUIDTable("order_items") {
val orderId = uuid("order_id").references(OrdersTable.id, onDelete = ReferenceOption.CASCADE)
val productId = uuid("product_id")
val quantity = integer("quantity")
val unitPrice = long("unit_price")
}
object UserRolesTable : Table("user_roles") {
val userId = uuid("user_id").references(UsersTable.id, onDelete = ReferenceOption.CASCADE)
val roleId = uuid("role_id").references(RolesTable.id, onDelete = ReferenceOption.CASCADE)
override val primaryKey = PrimaryKey(userId, roleId)
}
// 삽입 (Insert)
suspend fun insertUser(name: String, email: String, role: Role): UUID =
newSuspendedTransaction {
UsersTable.insertAndGetId {
it[UsersTable.name] = name
it[UsersTable.email] = email
it[UsersTable.role] = role
}.value
}
// ID로 조회 (Select by ID)
suspend fun findUserById(id: UUID): UserRow? =
newSuspendedTransaction {
UsersTable.selectAll()
.where { UsersTable.id eq id }
.map { it.toUser() }
.singleOrNull()
}
// 조건부 조회 (Select with conditions)
suspend fun findActiveAdmins(): List<UserRow> =
newSuspendedTransaction {
UsersTable.selectAll()
.where { (UsersTable.role eq Role.ADMIN) }
.orderBy(UsersTable.name)
.map { it.toUser() }
}
// 업데이트 (Update)
suspend fun updateUserEmail(id: UUID, newEmail: String): Boolean =
newSuspendedTransaction {
UsersTable.update({ UsersTable.id eq id }) {
it[email] = newEmail
it[updatedAt] = CurrentTimestampWithTimeZone
} > 0
}
// 삭제 (Delete)
suspend fun deleteUser(id: UUID): Boolean =
newSuspendedTransaction {
UsersTable.deleteWhere { UsersTable.id eq id } > 0
}
// 행 매핑 (Row mapping)
private fun ResultRow.toUser() = UserRow(
id = this[UsersTable.id].value,
name = this[UsersTable.name],
email = this[UsersTable.email],
role = this[UsersTable.role],
metadata = this[UsersTable.metadata],
createdAt = this[UsersTable.createdAt],
updatedAt = this[UsersTable.updatedAt],
)
// 조인 쿼리 (Join queries)
suspend fun findOrdersWithUser(userId: UUID): List<OrderWithUser> =
newSuspendedTransaction {
(OrdersTable innerJoin UsersTable)
.selectAll()
.where { OrdersTable.userId eq userId }
.orderBy(OrdersTable.createdAt, SortOrder.DESC)
.map { row ->
OrderWithUser(
orderId = row[OrdersTable.id].value,
status = row[OrdersTable.status],
totalAmount = row[OrdersTable.totalAmount],
userName = row[UsersTable.name],
)
}
}
// 집계 (Aggregation)
suspend fun countUsersByRole(): Map<Role, Long> =
newSuspendedTransaction {
UsersTable
.select(UsersTable.role, UsersTable.id.count())
.groupBy(UsersTable.role)
.associate { row ->
row[UsersTable.role] to row[UsersTable.id.count()]
}
}
// 서브쿼리 (Subqueries)
suspend fun findUsersWithOrders(): List<UserRow> =
newSuspendedTransaction {
UsersTable.selectAll()
.where {
UsersTable.id inSubQuery
OrdersTable.select(OrdersTable.userId).withDistinct()
}
.map { it.toUser() }
}
// LIKE 및 패턴 매칭 — 와일드카드 주입 방지를 위해 항상 사용자 입력을 이스케이프하십시오.
private fun escapeLikePattern(input: String): String =
input.replace("\\", "\\\\").replace("%", "\\%").replace("_", "\\_")
suspend fun searchUsers(query: String): List<UserRow> =
newSuspendedTransaction {
val sanitized = escapeLikePattern(query.lowercase())
UsersTable.selectAll()
.where {
(UsersTable.name.lowerCase() like "%${sanitized}%") or
(UsersTable.email.lowerCase() like "%${sanitized}%")
}
.map { it.toUser() }
}
data class Page<T>(
val data: List<T>,
val total: Long,
val page: Int,
val limit: Int,
) {
val totalPages: Int get() = ((total + limit - 1) / limit).toInt()
val hasNext: Boolean get() = page < totalPages
val hasPrevious: Boolean get() = page > 1
}
suspend fun findUsersPaginated(page: Int, limit: Int): Page<UserRow> =
newSuspendedTransaction {
val total = UsersTable.selectAll().count()
val data = UsersTable.selectAll()
.orderBy(UsersTable.createdAt, SortOrder.DESC)
.limit(limit)
.offset(((page - 1) * limit).toLong())
.map { it.toUser() }
Page(data = data, total = total, page = page, limit = limit)
}
// 배치 삽입 (Batch insert)
suspend fun insertUsers(users: List<CreateUserRequest>): List<UUID> =
newSuspendedTransaction {
UsersTable.batchInsert(users) { user ->
this[UsersTable.name] = user.name
this[UsersTable.email] = user.email
this[UsersTable.role] = user.role
}.map { it[UsersTable.id].value }
}
// Upsert (충돌 시 삽입 또는 업데이트)
suspend fun upsertUser(id: UUID, name: String, email: String) {
newSuspendedTransaction {
UsersTable.upsert(UsersTable.email) {
it[UsersTable.id] = EntityID(id, UsersTable)
it[UsersTable.name] = name
it[UsersTable.email] = email
it[updatedAt] = CurrentTimestampWithTimeZone
}
}
}
// entities/UserEntity.kt
class UserEntity(id: EntityID<UUID>) : UUIDEntity(id) {
companion object : UUIDEntityClass<UserEntity>(UsersTable)
var name by UsersTable.name
var email by UsersTable.email
var role by UsersTable.role
var metadata by UsersTable.metadata
var createdAt by UsersTable.createdAt
var updatedAt by UsersTable.updatedAt
val orders by OrderEntity referrersOn OrdersTable.userId
fun toModel(): User = User(
id = id.value,
name = name,
email = email,
role = role,
metadata = metadata,
createdAt = createdAt,
updatedAt = updatedAt,
)
}
class OrderEntity(id: EntityID<UUID>) : UUIDEntity(id) {
companion object : UUIDEntityClass<OrderEntity>(OrdersTable)
var user by UserEntity referencedOn OrdersTable.userId
var status by OrdersTable.status
var totalAmount by OrdersTable.totalAmount
var currency by OrdersTable.currency
var createdAt by OrdersTable.createdAt
val items by OrderItemEntity referrersOn OrderItemsTable.orderId
}
suspend fun findUserByEmail(email: String): User? =
newSuspendedTransaction {
UserEntity.find { UsersTable.email eq email }
.firstOrNull()
?.toModel()
}
suspend fun createUser(request: CreateUserRequest): User =
newSuspendedTransaction {
UserEntity.new {
name = request.name
email = request.email
role = request.role
}.toModel()
}
suspend fun updateUser(id: UUID, request: UpdateUserRequest): User? =
newSuspendedTransaction {
UserEntity.findById(id)?.apply {
request.name?.let { name = it }
request.email?.let { email = it }
updatedAt = OffsetDateTime.now(ZoneOffset.UTC)
}?.toModel()
}
// 좋음: 코루틴 지원을 위해 newSuspendedTransaction 사용
suspend fun performDatabaseOperation(): Result<User> =
runCatching {
newSuspendedTransaction {
val user = UserEntity.new {
name = "Alice"
email = "alice@example.com"
}
// 이 블록의 모든 작업은 원자적(atomic)입니다.
user.toModel()
}
}
// 좋음: 세이브포인트(savepoints)를 사용한 중첩 트랜잭션
suspend fun transferFunds(fromId: UUID, toId: UUID, amount: Long) {
newSuspendedTransaction {
val from = UserEntity.findById(fromId) ?: throw NotFoundException("사용자 $fromId를 찾을 수 없습니다")
val to = UserEntity.findById(toId) ?: throw NotFoundException("사용자 $toId를 찾을 수 없습니다")
// 출금
from.balance -= amount
// 입금
to.balance += amount
// 둘 다 성공하거나 둘 다 실패합니다.
}
}
suspend fun readCommittedQuery(): List<User> =
newSuspendedTransaction(transactionIsolation = Connection.TRANSACTION_READ_COMMITTED) {
UserEntity.all().map { it.toModel() }
}
suspend fun serializableOperation() {
newSuspendedTransaction(transactionIsolation = Connection.TRANSACTION_SERIALIZABLE) {
// 중요한 작업을 위한 가장 엄격한 격리 수준
}
}
interface UserRepository {
suspend fun findById(id: UUID): User?
suspend fun findByEmail(email: String): User?
suspend fun findAll(page: Int, limit: Int): Page<User>
suspend fun search(query: String): List<User>
suspend fun create(request: CreateUserRequest): User
suspend fun update(id: UUID, request: UpdateUserRequest): User?
suspend fun delete(id: UUID): Boolean
suspend fun count(): Long
}
class ExposedUserRepository(
private val database: Database,
) : UserRepository {
override suspend fun findById(id: UUID): User? =
newSuspendedTransaction(db = database) {
UsersTable.selectAll()
.where { UsersTable.id eq id }
.map { it.toUser() }
.singleOrNull()
}
override suspend fun findByEmail(email: String): User? =
newSuspendedTransaction(db = database) {
UsersTable.selectAll()
.where { UsersTable.email eq email }
.map { it.toUser() }
.singleOrNull()
}
override suspend fun findAll(page: Int, limit: Int): Page<User> =
newSuspendedTransaction(db = database) {
val total = UsersTable.selectAll().count()
val data = UsersTable.selectAll()
.orderBy(UsersTable.createdAt, SortOrder.DESC)
.limit(limit)
.offset(((page - 1) * limit).toLong())
.map { it.toUser() }
Page(data = data, total = total, page = page, limit = limit)
}
override suspend fun search(query: String): List<User> =
newSuspendedTransaction(db = database) {
val sanitized = escapeLikePattern(query.lowercase())
UsersTable.selectAll()
.where {
(UsersTable.name.lowerCase() like "%${sanitized}%") or
(UsersTable.email.lowerCase() like "%${sanitized}%")
}
.orderBy(UsersTable.name)
.map { it.toUser() }
}
override suspend fun create(request: CreateUserRequest): User =
newSuspendedTransaction(db = database) {
UsersTable.insert {
it[name] = request.name
it[email] = request.email
it[role] = request.role
}.resultedValues!!.first().toUser()
}
override suspend fun update(id: UUID, request: UpdateUserRequest): User? =
newSuspendedTransaction(db = database) {
val updated = UsersTable.update({ UsersTable.id eq id }) {
request.name?.let { name -> it[UsersTable.name] = name }
request.email?.let { email -> it[UsersTable.email] = email }
it[updatedAt] = CurrentTimestampWithTimeZone
}
if (updated > 0) findById(id) else null
}
override suspend fun delete(id: UUID): Boolean =
newSuspendedTransaction(db = database) {
UsersTable.deleteWhere { UsersTable.id eq id } > 0
}
override suspend fun count(): Long =
newSuspendedTransaction(db = database) {
UsersTable.selectAll().count()
}
private fun ResultRow.toUser() = User(
id = this[UsersTable.id].value,
name = this[UsersTable.name],
email = this[UsersTable.email],
role = this[UsersTable.role],
metadata = this[UsersTable.metadata],
createdAt = this[UsersTable.createdAt],
updatedAt = this[UsersTable.updatedAt],
)
}
// JSONB를 위한 맞춤형 컬럼 타입
inline fun <reified T : Any> Table.jsonb(
name: String,
json: Json,
): Column<T> = registerColumn(name, object : ColumnType<T>() {
override fun sqlType() = "JSONB"
override fun valueFromDB(value: Any): T = when (value) {
is String -> json.decodeFromString(value)
is PGobject -> {
val jsonString = value.value
?: throw IllegalArgumentException("'$name' 컬럼의 PGobject 값이 null입니다")
json.decodeFromString(jsonString)
}
else -> throw IllegalArgumentException("예상치 못한 값: $value")
}
override fun notNullValueToDB(value: T): Any =
PGobject().apply {
type = "jsonb"
this.value = json.encodeToString(value)
}
})
// 테이블에서 사용
@Serializable
data class UserMetadata(
val preferences: Map<String, String> = emptyMap(),
val tags: List<String> = emptyList(),
)
object UsersTable : UUIDTable("users") {
val metadata = jsonb<UserMetadata>("metadata", Json.Default).nullable()
}
class UserRepositoryTest : FunSpec({
lateinit var database: Database
lateinit var repository: UserRepository
beforeSpec {
database = Database.connect(
url = "jdbc:h2:mem:test;DB_CLOSE_DELAY=-1;MODE=PostgreSQL",
driver = "org.h2.Driver",
)
transaction(database) {
SchemaUtils.create(UsersTable)
}
repository = ExposedUserRepository(database)
}
beforeTest {
transaction(database) {
UsersTable.deleteAll()
}
}
test("사용자 생성 및 조회") {
val user = repository.create(CreateUserRequest("Alice", "alice@example.com"))
user.name shouldBe "Alice"
user.email shouldBe "alice@example.com"
val found = repository.findById(user.id)
found shouldBe user
}
test("알 수 없는 이메일인 경우 findByEmail이 null을 반환함") {
val result = repository.findByEmail("unknown@example.com")
result.shouldBeNull()
}
test("페이지네이션이 올바르게 작동함") {
repeat(25) { i ->
repository.create(CreateUserRequest("User $i", "user$i@example.com"))
}
val page1 = repository.findAll(page = 1, limit = 10)
page1.data shouldHaveSize 10
page1.total shouldBe 25
page1.hasNext shouldBe true
val page3 = repository.findAll(page = 3, limit = 10)
page3.data shouldHaveSize 5
page3.hasNext shouldBe false
}
})
// build.gradle.kts
dependencies {
// Exposed
implementation("org.jetbrains.exposed:exposed-core:1.0.0")
implementation("org.jetbrains.exposed:exposed-dao:1.0.0")
implementation("org.jetbrains.exposed:exposed-jdbc:1.0.0")
implementation("org.jetbrains.exposed:exposed-kotlin-datetime:1.0.0")
implementation("org.jetbrains.exposed:exposed-json:1.0.0")
// 데이터베이스 드라이버
implementation("org.postgresql:postgresql:42.7.5")
// 커넥션 풀링
implementation("com.zaxxer:HikariCP:6.2.1")
// 마이그레이션
implementation("org.flywaydb:flyway-core:10.22.0")
implementation("org.flywaydb:flyway-database-postgresql:10.22.0")
// 테스트
testImplementation("com.h2database:h2:2.3.232")
}
| 패턴 | 설명 |
|---|---|
object Table : UUIDTable("name") | UUID 기본 키가 있는 테이블 정의 |
newSuspendedTransaction { } | 코루틴 안전 트랜잭션 블록 |
Table.selectAll().where { } | 조건이 있는 쿼리 |
Table.insertAndGetId { } | 삽입 및 생성된 ID 반환 |
Table.update({ condition }) { } | 일치하는 행 업데이트 |
Table.deleteWhere { } | 일치하는 행 삭제 |
Table.batchInsert(items) { } | 효율적인 대량 삽입 |
innerJoin / leftJoin | 테이블 조인 |
orderBy / limit / offset | 정렬 및 페이지네이션 |
count() / sum() / avg() | 집계 함수 |
기억하십시오: 간단한 쿼리에는 DSL 스타일을 사용하고, 엔티티 생명주기 관리가 필요한 경우에는 DAO 스타일을 사용하십시오. 코루틴 지원을 위해 항상 newSuspendedTransaction을 사용하고, 테스트 가능성을 위해 데이터베이스 작업을 저장소 인터페이스 뒤로 래핑하십시오.