Handling Errors

Iron Laws

1. Never swallow errors - Empty catch blocks hide bugs
2. Never convert errors to booleans - Loses all context
3. Preserve error context when wrapping or propagating
4. Log once where handled, not at every layer

Error Messages

Every error message answers: What happened? Why? How to recover?

For logs (developers):

logger.error("Failed to save user: Connection timeout after 30s", {
  userId: user.id,
  dbHost: config.db.host,
  error: error.stack,
});

For users:

showError({
  title: "Upload Failed",
  message: "Your file is too large. Maximum size is 10MB.",
  actions: [{ label: "Choose smaller file", onClick: selectFile }],
});

Error Categories

Type	Examples	Handling
Expected	Validation, Not found, Unauthorized	Return Result type, log info
Transient	Network timeout, Rate limit	Retry with backoff, log warn
Unexpected	Null reference, DB crash	Log error, show support ID
Critical	Auth down, Payment gateway offline	Circuit breaker, alert

Fail Fast vs Degrade Gracefully

Fail fast for critical dependencies:

await connectToDatabase(); // Throws on failure - app can't run without it

Degrade gracefully for optional features:

const prefs = await loadPreferences(userId).catch(() => DEFAULT_PREFS);

Log at the Right Layer

// ❌ Logging at every layer = same error 3x
async function fetchData() {
  try { return await fetch(url); }
  catch (e) { console.error("Fetch failed:", e); throw e; }
}

// ✅ Log once where handled
async function fetchData() {
  const response = await fetch(url);
  if (!response.ok) throw new Error(`HTTP ${response.status}`);
  return response;
}
// Top level logs the error once

Language-Specific Patterns

• TypeScript/React: See reference/typescript-react.md for Error Boundaries, typed errors, Result pattern, UI display
• Python: See reference/python.md for EAFP, exception chaining, context managers
• Go: See reference/go.md for explicit error returns, wrapping with %w, sentinel errors

Anti-Patterns

Pattern	Problem	Fix
Empty catch blocks	Hides errors	Log or re-throw
return false on error	Loses context	Return Result type
Generic "Error" messages	Undebuggable	Include what/why/context
Logging same error at each layer	Log pollution	Log once at boundary
Bare except: / catch (e) all	Catches system signals	Catch specific types