l0

L0 Regularization

L0 is a PyTorch implementation of L0 regularization for neural network sparsification and intelligent sampling, used in PolicyEngine's survey calibration pipeline.

For Users

What is L0?

L0 regularization helps PolicyEngine create more efficient survey datasets by intelligently selecting which households to include in calculations.

Impact you see:

• Faster population impact calculations
• Smaller dataset sizes
• Maintained accuracy with fewer samples

Behind the scenes: When PolicyEngine shows population-wide impacts, L0 helps select representative households from the full survey, reducing computation time while maintaining accuracy.

For Analysts

What L0 Does

L0 provides intelligent sampling gates for:

• Household selection - Choose representative samples from CPS
• Feature selection - Identify important variables
• Sparse weighting - Create compact, efficient datasets

Used in PolicyEngine for:

• Survey calibration (via microcalibrate)
• Dataset sparsification in policyengine-us-data
• Efficient microsimulation

Installation

uv pip install l0-python

Quick Example: Sample Selection

from l0 import SampleGate

# Select 1,000 households from 10,000
gate = SampleGate(n_samples=10000, target_samples=1000)
selected_data, indices = gate.select_samples(data)

# Gates learn which samples are most informative

Integration with microcalibrate

from l0 import HardConcrete
from microcalibrate import Calibration

# L0 gates for household selection
gates = HardConcrete(
    len(household_weights),
    temperature=0.25,
    init_mean=0.999  # Start with most households
)

# Use in calibration
# microcalibrate applies gates during weight optimization

For Contributors

Repository

Location: PolicyEngine/L0

Clone:

git clone https://github.com/PolicyEngine/L0
cd L0

Current Implementation

To see structure:

tree l0/

# Key modules:
ls l0/
# - hard_concrete.py - Core L0 distribution
# - layers.py - L0Linear, L0Conv2d
# - gates.py - Sample/feature gates
# - penalties.py - L0/L2 penalty computation
# - temperature.py - Temperature scheduling

To see specific implementations:

# Hard Concrete distribution (core algorithm)
cat l0/hard_concrete.py

# Sample gates (used in calibration)
cat l0/gates.py

# Neural network layers
cat l0/layers.py

Key Concepts

Hard Concrete Distribution:

• Differentiable approximation of L0 norm
• Allows gradient-based optimization
• Temperature controls sparsity level

To see implementation:

cat l0/hard_concrete.py

Sample Gates:

• Binary gates for sample selection
• Learn which samples are most informative
• Used in microcalibrate for household selection

Feature Gates:

• Select important features/variables
• Reduce dimensionality
• Maintain prediction accuracy

Usage in PolicyEngine

In microcalibrate (survey calibration):

from l0 import HardConcrete

# Create gates for household selection
gates = HardConcrete(
    n_items=len(households),
    temperature=0.25,
    init_mean=0.999  # Start with almost all households
)

# Gates produce probabilities (0 to 1)
probs = gates()

# Apply to weights during calibration
masked_weights = weights * probs

In policyengine-us-data:

# See usage in data pipeline
grep -r "from l0 import" ../policyengine-us-data/

Temperature Scheduling

Controls sparsity over training:

from l0 import TemperatureScheduler, update_temperatures

scheduler = TemperatureScheduler(
    initial_temp=1.0,  # Start relaxed
    final_temp=0.1,    # End sparse
    total_epochs=100
)

for epoch in range(100):
    temp = scheduler.get_temperature(epoch)
    update_temperatures(model, temp)
    # ... training ...

To see implementation:

cat l0/temperature.py

L0L2 Combined Penalty

Prevents overfitting:

from l0 import compute_l0l2_penalty

# Combine L0 (sparsity) with L2 (regularization)
penalty = compute_l0l2_penalty(
    model,
    l0_lambda=1e-3,  # Sparsity strength
    l2_lambda=1e-4   # Weight regularization
)

loss = task_loss + penalty

Testing

Run tests:

make test

# Or
pytest tests/ -v --cov=l0

To see test patterns:

cat tests/test_hard_concrete.py
cat tests/test_gates.py

Advanced Usage

Hybrid Gates (L0 + Random)

from l0 import HybridGate

# Combine L0 selection with random sampling
hybrid = HybridGate(
    n_items=10000,
    l0_fraction=0.25,      # 25% from L0
    random_fraction=0.75,  # 75% random
    target_items=1000
)

selected, indices, types = hybrid.select(data)

Feature Selection

from l0 import FeatureGate

# Select top features
gate = FeatureGate(n_features=1000, max_features=50)
selected_data, feature_indices = gate.select_features(data)

# Get feature importance
importance = gate.get_feature_importance()

Mathematical Background

L0 norm:

• Counts non-zero elements
• Non-differentiable (discontinuous)
• Hard to optimize directly

Hard Concrete relaxation:

• Continuous, differentiable approximation
• Enables gradient descent
• "Stretches" binary distribution to allow gradients

Paper: Louizos, Welling, & Kingma (2017): "Learning Sparse Neural Networks through L0 Regularization" https://arxiv.org/abs/1712.01312

Related Packages

Uses L0:

• microcalibrate (survey weight calibration)
• policyengine-us-data (household selection)

See also:

• microcalibrate-skill - Survey calibration using L0
• policyengine-us-data-skill - Data pipeline integration

Resources

Repository: https://github.com/PolicyEngine/L0 Documentation: https://policyengine.github.io/L0/ Paper: https://arxiv.org/abs/1712.01312 PyPI: https://pypi.org/project/l0-python/