PolicyEngine-UK

IMPORTANT: Always use the current year (2026) in calculations, not 2024 or 2025.

PolicyEngine-UK models the UK tax and benefit system, including devolved variations for Scotland and Wales.

For Users

What is PolicyEngine-UK?

PolicyEngine-UK is the "calculator" for UK taxes and benefits. When you use policyengine.org/uk, PolicyEngine-UK runs behind the scenes.

What it models:

Direct taxes:

• Income tax (UK-wide, Scottish, and Welsh variations)
• National Insurance (Classes 1, 2, 4)
• Capital gains tax, Dividend tax

Property and transaction taxes:

• Council Tax
• Stamp Duty Land Tax (England/NI)
• Land and Buildings Transaction Tax (Scotland)
• Land Transaction Tax (Wales)

Universal Credit:

• Standard allowance, Child elements, Housing cost element
• Childcare costs element, Carer element, Work capability elements

Legacy benefits (being phased out):

• Working Tax Credit, Child Tax Credit, Income Support
• Income-based JSA/ESA, Housing Benefit

Other benefits:

• Child Benefit, Pension Credit, PIP, DLA, Attendance Allowance, State Pension

See full list: https://policyengine.org/uk/parameters

Understanding Variables

Income variables:

• employment_income - Gross employment earnings/salary
• self_employment_income - Self-employment profits
• pension_income - Private pension income
• property_income - Rental income
• savings_interest_income - Interest from savings
• dividend_income - Dividend income

Tax variables:

• income_tax - Total income tax liability
• national_insurance - Total NI contributions
• council_tax - Council tax liability

Benefit variables:

• universal_credit - Universal Credit amount
• child_benefit - Child Benefit amount
• pension_credit - Pension Credit amount

Summary variables:

• household_net_income - Income after taxes and benefits
• hbai_household_net_income - HBAI-definition net income

For Analysts

Installation

uv pip install policyengine

Two Modes of Analysis

PolicyEngine provides two main ways to analyze the UK tax-benefit system:

1. Household Calculations - Single household, quick answers
2. Population Simulations - Microsimulation, policy analysis at scale

---

1. Household Calculations

Use calculate_household_impact() with UKHouseholdInput for quick single-household calculations.

Basic Pattern

from policyengine.tax_benefit_models.uk import (
    UKHouseholdInput,
    calculate_household_impact,
)

household = UKHouseholdInput(
    people=[
        {"age": 35, "employment_income": 50_000},
    ],
    year=2026,
)
result = calculate_household_impact(household)

# Access results
print(f"Income tax: £{result.person[0]['income_tax']:,.0f}")
print(f"Net income: £{result.household['hbai_household_net_income']:,.0f}")

Single Person

household = UKHouseholdInput(
    people=[{"age": 30, "employment_income": 30_000}],
    household={"region": "LONDON"},
    year=2026,
)
result = calculate_household_impact(household)

Couple with Children

household = UKHouseholdInput(
    people=[
        {"age": 35, "employment_income": 50_000},
        {"age": 33, "employment_income": 25_000},
        {"age": 8},
        {"age": 5},
    ],
    benunit={"would_claim_uc": True},
    household={"region": "NORTH_WEST"},
    year=2026,
)
result = calculate_household_impact(household)

print(f"Child Benefit: £{result.benunit[0]['child_benefit']:,.0f}")
print(f"Universal Credit: £{result.benunit[0]['universal_credit']:,.0f}")

With Housing Costs

household = UKHouseholdInput(
    people=[{"age": 28, "employment_income": 25_000}],
    benunit={"would_claim_uc": True},
    household={"region": "LONDON", "rent": 15_000},
    year=2026,
)
result = calculate_household_impact(household)

Accessing Results

Results are organized by entity level:

• result.person[i] - Person-level variables (indexed by person order)
• result.benunit[i] - Benefit unit variables
• result.household - Household-level variables

# Person-level (returns dict for each person)
income_tax = result.person[0]['income_tax']
ni = result.person[0]['national_insurance']

# Benefit unit level
uc = result.benunit[0]['universal_credit']
child_benefit = result.benunit[0]['child_benefit']

# Household level
net_income = result.household['hbai_household_net_income']

---

2. Population Simulations

Use Simulation with datasets for population-level microsimulation analysis.

Loading Data

from policyengine.tax_benefit_models.uk import (
    uk_latest,
    ensure_datasets,
    PolicyEngineUKDataset,
)

# Load pre-prepared datasets
datasets = ensure_datasets(
    data_folder="./data",
    years=[2026, 2027, 2028, 2029, 2030],
)
dataset = datasets["enhanced_frs_2023_24_2026"]

Running Simulations

from policyengine.core import Simulation

simulation = Simulation(
    dataset=dataset,
    tax_benefit_model_version=uk_latest,
)
simulation.ensure()  # Runs if not cached, loads if cached

# Access output data (weighted MicroDataFrames)
output = simulation.output_dataset.data
income_tax_total = output.household['household_tax'].sum()
mean_net_income = output.household['household_net_income'].mean()

Key Points for Population Simulations

• simulation.ensure() runs the simulation if not cached, or loads from cache
• Output data in simulation.output_dataset.data contains weighted MicroDataFrames
• Never strip weights - keep results as MicroSeries and use .sum(), .mean() directly
• Access by entity: output.person, output.benunit, output.household

---

Policy Reforms

Parametric Reforms (ParameterValue)

For simple parameter changes:

from policyengine.core import Policy, ParameterValue
from datetime import datetime

# Get parameter from model
param = uk_latest.get_parameter("gov.hmrc.income_tax.rates.uk[0].rate")

policy = Policy(
    name="Basic rate 25%",
    parameter_values=[
        ParameterValue(
            parameter=param,
            value=0.25,
            start_date=datetime(2026, 1, 1),
        )
    ],
)

# Run reform simulation
reform_sim = Simulation(
    dataset=dataset,
    tax_benefit_model_version=uk_latest,
    policy=policy,
)
reform_sim.ensure()

Simulation Modifier Reforms (Complex/Programmatic)

For complex reforms that need programmatic control:

def my_reform_modifier(sim):
    """Modify the underlying policyengine_uk Microsimulation."""
    # Modify parameters
    sim.tax_benefit_system.parameters.get_child(
        "gov.dwp.universal_credit.elements.child.limit.child_count"
    ).update(period="year:2026:10", value=float('inf'))

    # Or modify inputs
    employment_income = sim.calculate("employment_income", 2026)
    sim.set_input("employment_income", 2026, employment_income * 1.05)

    sim.tax_benefit_system.reset_parameter_caches()

policy = Policy(
    name="Complex reform",
    simulation_modifier=my_reform_modifier,
)

Combining Policies

policy_combined = policy_a + policy_b  # Chains modifiers

---

Analysis Patterns

Decile Impacts

from policyengine.outputs.decile_impact import calculate_decile_impacts

results = calculate_decile_impacts(
    dataset=dataset,
    tax_benefit_model_version=uk_latest,
    baseline_policy=None,  # Current law
    reform_policy=my_policy,
)
# Returns OutputCollection with .dataframe and .outputs

Economic Impact Analysis

from policyengine.tax_benefit_models.uk.analysis import economic_impact_analysis

analysis = economic_impact_analysis(
    baseline_simulation=baseline_sim,
    reform_simulation=reform_sim,
)
# Returns PolicyReformAnalysis with:
# - decile_impacts
# - programme_statistics
# - baseline_poverty / reform_poverty
# - baseline_inequality / reform_inequality

Aggregate Statistics

from policyengine.outputs.aggregate import Aggregate, AggregateType

agg = Aggregate(
    simulation=simulation,
    variable="universal_credit",
    aggregate_type=AggregateType.SUM,
    entity="benunit",
)
agg.run()
print(f"Total UC spending: £{agg.result / 1e9:.1f}bn")

---

Parameter Lookup

For quick parameter lookups (rates, thresholds), use the old API directly:

from policyengine_uk import CountryTaxBenefitSystem

params = CountryTaxBenefitSystem().parameters

# Personal allowance
pa = params.gov.hmrc.income_tax.allowances.personal_allowance.amount("2026-01-01")

# Basic rate (use .children["N"] for brackets)
basic_rate = params.gov.hmrc.income_tax.rates.uk.brackets.children["0"].rate("2026-01-01")

# UC standard allowance
uc_standard = params.gov.dwp.universal_credit.elements.standard_allowance.amount.single.over_25("2026-01-01")

When to use parameter lookup vs simulation:

• Parameter lookup: "What is the personal allowance?", "What is the basic rate?"
• Simulation: "What would my tax be if I earn £30k?", "Am I eligible for UC?"

---

Regions

UK uses ITL 1 regions:

• NORTH_EAST, NORTH_WEST, YORKSHIRE, EAST_MIDLANDS, WEST_MIDLANDS
• EAST_OF_ENGLAND, LONDON, SOUTH_EAST, SOUTH_WEST
• WALES, SCOTLAND, NORTHERN_IRELAND

Regional Tax Variations:

• Scotland: 6 bands (starter 19%, basic 20%, intermediate 21%, higher 42%, advanced 45%, top 47%)
• Wales: Welsh Rate of Income Tax (WRIT), currently at parity with England
• England/NI: Standard UK rates (20%, 40%, 45%)

---

Common Pitfalls

1. Don't Strip Weights from MicroSeries

# WRONG - strips weights
values = output.household['income_tax'].values
mean = values.mean()  # Unweighted!

# CORRECT - keep as MicroSeries
mean = output.household['income_tax'].mean()  # Weighted

2. Use .ensure() for Cached Runs

simulation.ensure()  # Loads from cache if available
# NOT simulation.run() unless you want to force re-run

3. Parameter Paths Use Bracket Notation

# New API uses brackets: uk[0].rate
param = uk_latest.get_parameter("gov.hmrc.income_tax.rates.uk[0].rate")

# Old API uses .children["N"]
params.gov.hmrc.income_tax.rates.uk.brackets.children["0"].rate("2026-01-01")

4. Household Input Uses List of Dicts

# New API - list of person dicts
UKHouseholdInput(people=[{"age": 35}, {"age": 8}], ...)

# Old API - nested situation dict (still works for old Simulation)
{"people": {"person1": {"age": {2026: 35}}, ...}}

---

For Contributors

Repository

Location: PolicyEngine/policyengine-uk

git clone https://github.com/PolicyEngine/policyengine-uk
cd policyengine-uk

Key directories:

• policyengine_uk/variables/ - Tax and benefit calculations
• policyengine_uk/parameters/ - Policy rules (YAML)
• policyengine_uk/reforms/ - Pre-defined reforms
• policyengine_uk/tests/ - Test cases

UK Legislation References

All UK parameters MUST have legislation.gov.uk references with exact section links.

Primary legislation:

• Welfare Reform Act 2012 - Universal Credit
• Social Security Contributions and Benefits Act 1992
• Income Tax Act 2007

Secondary legislation:

• Universal Credit Regulations 2013 (SI 2013/376)
• Income Tax (Earnings and Pensions) Act 2003

Reference format:

metadata:
  reference:
    - title: Universal Credit Regulations 2013, Schedule 4, Table 3
      href: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2013/376/schedule/4

---

Additional Resources

• Documentation: https://policyengine.org/uk/docs
• Variable Explorer: https://policyengine.org/uk/variables
• Parameter Explorer: https://policyengine.org/uk/parameters
• API Reference: https://github.com/PolicyEngine/policyengine-uk