MongoDB Multi-Document Transactions

Guarantee consistency with ACID transactions across multiple operations.

Quick Start

Basic Transaction

const session = client.startSession()

try {
  await session.withTransaction(async () => {
    // All operations here are atomic
    await users.insertOne({ name: 'John' }, { session })
    await accounts.insertOne({ userId: 'xxx', balance: 100 }, { session })

    // If any fails, ALL roll back
  })
} catch (error) {
  console.error('Transaction failed:', error)
} finally {
  await session.endSession()
}

Real-World: Money Transfer

async function transferMoney(fromId, toId, amount) {
  const session = client.startSession()

  try {
    await session.withTransaction(async () => {
      // Deduct from account A
      await accounts.updateOne(
        { _id: fromId },
        { $inc: { balance: -amount } },
        { session }
      )

      // Add to account B
      await accounts.updateOne(
        { _id: toId },
        { $inc: { balance: amount } },
        { session }
      )

      // Both succeed, or both rollback - NO PARTIAL TRANSFERS!
    })
  } catch (error) {
    // Transaction failed, money not transferred
    console.error('Transfer failed:', error)
  } finally {
    await session.endSession()
  }
}

Transaction Requirements

MongoDB Version

• MongoDB 4.0+: Single-document transactions (all versions)
• MongoDB 4.0: Multi-document transactions (replica sets)
• MongoDB 4.2+: Multi-document transactions (sharded clusters)

Deployment Type

• Replica Set: Required for transactions
• Sharded Cluster: MongoDB 4.2+
• Standalone: Single-document transactions only
• Atlas Free: No transactions (shared clusters)

Session Management

Create Session

const session = client.startSession()

// Configure session
const session = client.startSession({
  defaultTransactionOptions: {
    readConcern: { level: 'snapshot' },
    writeConcern: { w: 'majority' },
    readPreference: 'primary'
  }
})

Session Lifecycle

// 1. Start session
const session = client.startSession()

// 2. Start transaction
session.startTransaction()

// 3. Execute operations with session
await collection.insertOne(doc, { session })

// 4. Commit or abort
await session.commitTransaction()  // Success
await session.abortTransaction()   // Rollback

// 5. End session
await session.endSession()

Transaction Options

Read Concern

// snapshot: See committed data at transaction start
// local: See latest data (default)
// majority: See data confirmed on majority
// linearizable: Latest confirmed data

await session.withTransaction(async () => {
  // Operations
}, {
  readConcern: { level: 'snapshot' }
})

Write Concern

// w: 1 (default): Acknowledged by primary
// w: 'majority': Acknowledged by majority
// w: N: Acknowledged by N replicas

await session.withTransaction(async () => {
  // Operations
}, {
  writeConcern: { w: 'majority' }
})

Read Preference

// primary: Read from primary only
// primaryPreferred: Primary, fallback to secondary
// secondary: Read from secondary
// secondaryPreferred: Secondary, fallback to primary
// nearest: Nearest server

{
  readPreference: 'primary'
}

Error Handling

Handle Transaction Errors

async function robustTransaction() {
  const session = client.startSession()

  try {
    await session.withTransaction(async () => {
      // Operations
    })
  } catch (error) {
    if (error.hasErrorLabel('TransientTransactionError')) {
      // Temporary error - retry
      return robustTransaction()
    } else if (error.hasErrorLabel('UnknownTransactionCommitResult')) {
      // Commit outcome unknown - check state
      console.log('Commit outcome unknown')
    } else {
      // Fatal error
      throw error
    }
  } finally {
    await session.endSession()
  }
}

Retry Logic

async function executeWithRetry(fn, maxRetries = 3) {
  for (let attempt = 1; attempt <= maxRetries; attempt++) {
    const session = client.startSession()

    try {
      await session.withTransaction(async () => {
        await fn(session)
      })
      return  // Success
    } catch (error) {
      if (error.hasErrorLabel('TransientTransactionError') && attempt < maxRetries) {
        continue  // Retry
      } else {
        throw error
      }
    } finally {
      await session.endSession()
    }
  }
}

Real-World Examples

Order Placement with Inventory

async function placeOrder(userId, items) {
  const session = client.startSession()

  try {
    await session.withTransaction(async () => {
      // 1. Create order
      const order = {
        userId,
        items,
        status: 'pending',
        createdAt: new Date()
      }
      const orderResult = await orders.insertOne(order, { session })

      // 2. Update inventory
      for (const item of items) {
        const updated = await products.findOneAndUpdate(
          { _id: item.productId },
          { $inc: { stock: -item.quantity } },
          { session, returnDocument: 'after' }
        )

        // Check if stock went negative
        if (updated.value.stock < 0) {
          throw new Error('Insufficient inventory')
        }
      }

      // 3. Deduct from user account
      const userUpdate = await users.findOneAndUpdate(
        { _id: userId },
        { $inc: { balance: -calculateTotal(items) } },
        { session, returnDocument: 'after' }
      )

      if (userUpdate.value.balance < 0) {
        throw new Error('Insufficient funds')
      }

      return orderResult.insertedId
    })
  } catch (error) {
    // ALL operations rolled back if any fails
    // Inventory stays same
    // User balance unchanged
    // Order not created
    console.error('Order failed:', error.message)
    throw error
  } finally {
    await session.endSession()
  }
}

Account Reconciliation

async function reconcileAccounts(mainId, secondaryIds) {
  const session = client.startSession()

  try {
    await session.withTransaction(async () => {
      // Calculate total balance
      const secondary = await accounts.find(
        { _id: { $in: secondaryIds } },
        { session }
      ).toArray()
      const totalBalance = secondary.reduce((sum, acc) => sum + acc.balance, 0)

      // Update main account
      await accounts.updateOne(
        { _id: mainId },
        { $set: { balance: totalBalance } },
        { session }
      )

      // Delete secondary accounts
      await accounts.deleteMany(
        { _id: { $in: secondaryIds } },
        { session }
      )

      // Log reconciliation
      await reconciliationLog.insertOne({
        mainId,
        secondaryIds,
        totalBalance,
        timestamp: new Date()
      }, { session })

      // All succeed together, or all rollback
    })
  } finally {
    await session.endSession()
  }
}

Limitations & Considerations

Transaction Limits

- Maximum 16MB of write operations
- Cannot create/drop collections
- Cannot create/drop indexes
- Cannot alter collections
- Cannot write to system collections

Performance Impact

- Transactions have overhead
- Write operations slower (more coordination)
- Locking increases lock contention
- Not for every operation

Best Practices

✅ Transaction Best Practices:

1. Keep short - Minimize lock time
2. Retry transient errors - Network issues happen
3. Order operations - Prevent deadlocks
4. Use appropriate write concern - 'majority' for safety
5. Monitor latency - Transactions add overhead

✅ When to Use:

1. ✅ Money transfers
2. ✅ Order processing
3. ✅ Inventory management
4. ✅ Account operations
5. ✅ Any multi-collection atomic operations

❌ When NOT to Use:

1. ❌ Single document operations (inherently atomic)
2. ❌ Simple inserts/updates
3. ❌ Performance-critical reads
4. ❌ Batch operations (use bulk)
5. ❌ If not on replica set

Next Steps

1. Learn session basics - StartSession, endSession
2. Write simple transaction - Insert and update
3. Add error handling - Try-catch blocks
4. Implement retry logic - Handle transient errors
5. Monitor performance - Measure transaction time

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Guarantee consistency with transactions! ✅