literate-guide

Literate Guide

Create a guide that tells the story of a codebase or feature the way Knuth intended programs to be read: as literature. The output is a single narrative essay where code excerpts and prose are interwoven, ordered by the logic of human understanding rather than file layout or execution order.

The Idea Behind This

Knuth's core observation was simple: programs are read far more often than they are written, yet we organize them for the compiler's convenience, not the reader's. A literate program reverses this — the author decides the order of presentation based on what a human needs to understand first, and the code appears within that narrative exactly where it becomes relevant.

For an existing codebase, this means:

• Don't follow the file tree. Follow the conceptual thread. Start where understanding starts, not where main() lives.
• Each section introduces one idea, shows the code that embodies it, and explains the reasoning behind the design. Sections are numbered with the section sign: §1, §2, §3... (that's the § character, U+00A7 — not the letter "S"). Sections cross-reference each other using this same notation.
• The prose does the heavy lifting. Code excerpts are windows into the implementation, not the primary content. A reader should be able to follow the narrative even if they skip over the code blocks.
• Design decisions are first-class content. "We use X instead of Y because..." is the heartbeat of a literate guide. Alternatives considered, tradeoffs accepted, constraints that shaped the design — these are what make the document valuable long after the code has changed.

Workflow

Step 1: Understand the Scope

Ask the user what they want the guide to cover:

question: "What should this literate guide cover?"
header: "Scope"
options:
  - label: "Entire codebase"
    description: "The full story of this project, end to end"
  - label: "A specific feature or subsystem"
    description: "Deep narrative on one part of the codebase"
  - label: "A recent change or PR"
    description: "The story of a specific set of changes and why they were made"

If they choose a feature or subsystem, clarify which one. If the codebase is large (50+ files), strongly recommend scoping to a subsystem — a good literate guide goes deep, and breadth dilutes that.

Also ask about audience:

question: "Who will read this?"
header: "Audience"
options:
  - label: "A developer joining the team"
    description: "Assumes general programming knowledge, no project-specific context"
  - label: "A senior engineer reviewing the architecture"
    description: "Assumes deep technical knowledge, wants to understand design rationale"
  - label: "Future me"
    description: "Personal documentation for a system I'll forget the details of"
  - label: "Open source contributors"
    description: "External developers who want to understand the project well enough to contribute"

Step 2: Deep Reading

Read the codebase thoroughly. This isn't a skim — you're looking for the story. Investigate in this order:

1. The problem — What does this software exist to solve? Check README, docs, comments, commit messages, issue trackers.
2. The domain model — What are the core abstractions? What do they represent in the real world?
3. The architecture — How do the pieces fit together? What are the boundaries?
4. The flows — Trace 2-3 primary operations end to end. These become narrative throughlines.
5. The design decisions — Where are the interesting tradeoffs? Look for:
   • Comments that explain "why" (not "what")
   • Places where simpler approaches were avoided — there's usually a reason
   • Abstractions that seem overbuilt — they often encode hard-won lessons
   • Configuration and feature flags — they reveal the axes of variation the authors anticipated
6. The history — git log for major refactors, pivots, or rewrites. These are plot points in the story.

Step 3: Find the Narrative Thread

Before writing, identify:

• The opening — What idea or problem should the reader encounter first? This is rarely the entry point of the code. It's the motivation: the problem that makes the rest of the code necessary.
• The arc — What's the natural progression of understanding? Usually: problem → domain → core abstraction → how it works → how edge cases are handled → how it connects to the rest of the system.
• The key decisions — 3-5 design choices that define the system's character. These are the moments in the narrative where you pause the code walkthrough and say "here's why."
• The sections — Break the narrative into numbered sections using the § symbol: §1, §2, etc. (not "S1" or "Section 1" — the section sign § is a deliberate stylistic choice from Knuth's TeX tradition). Each section should have a name that describes the idea, not the file. "§4. Why events, not callbacks" is better than "§4. The EventEmitter class."

Step 4: Write the Guide

Follow the template in references/guide-template.md. Key principles:

Voice and tone:

• Write in a warm, direct, first-person-plural voice ("we," "our"). The guide is a conversation between the author and the reader, not a specification.
• Be specific and concrete. "This handles edge cases" is empty. "This catches the case where a user submits a form twice before the first request completes" is useful.
• Embrace the author's perspective. Knuth didn't pretend to be objective — he explained what he was thinking and why. Do the same. "I chose X over Y because..." or "The team decided to..." with real reasons.

Code excerpts:

• Show only the code relevant to the point being made. Trim aggressively. If a function is 40 lines but the interesting part is 8 lines, show the 8 lines with a note about what the rest does.
• Always include the file path and line range above the code block so the reader can find it.
• Annotate the code. Don't just show it and move on — point out the significant details. "Notice that retries is passed as a parameter, not read from config. This makes testing deterministic (§12)."
• Use cross-references (§N) when code in one section relates to concepts explained in another.

Section structure:

• Open with prose that explains the idea and its motivation
• Show the relevant code
• Explain the design reasoning — alternatives considered, constraints, tradeoffs
• Close with a transition that connects to the next section. Every section ending should bridge to what comes next — this is what makes the guide read as a continuous narrative rather than a series of isolated entries. Examples: "With this normalization in place, we can now trust that the reducer (§7) receives clean input." or "This raises a question: how does the system handle the case where...? That's the subject of §9."

Cross-references:

• Use the § symbol for all cross-references: "as we saw in §3", "this connects to the retry logic in §12", "the transport layer (§8) hides this complexity". The § symbol is load-bearing — it's the visual cue that tells the reader "this refers to another section in this document."
• Cross-references are what make the document a web rather than a linear sequence. Use them generously — a good literate guide has at least 2-3 cross-references per section, weaving backward to reinforce earlier ideas and forward to foreshadow upcoming ones.

Diagrams:

• Include Mermaid diagrams where they aid understanding — typically one system-level overview near the beginning, and sequence diagrams for complex flows
• Diagrams supplement the prose; they don't replace it

Step 5: Review the Draft

Before delivering, read the guide as if you've never seen the codebase:

1. Does it tell a story? Can you follow the narrative from §1 to the end without getting lost? If any section feels like a non sequitur, it needs a better transition or should be reordered.
2. Is every code excerpt earning its place? If a code block could be removed without losing understanding, remove it. Each excerpt should illustrate a specific point made in the surrounding prose.
3. Are the design decisions explicit? The guide should answer "why" at least as often as "how." If you find yourself describing mechanics without motivation, pause and add the reasoning.
4. Are the cross-references correct? Every §N reference should point to the right section. A broken cross-reference in a literate guide is like a broken hyperlink — it undermines the web of understanding.
5. Would Knuth approve? This is tongue-in-cheek, but useful: Knuth's literate programs read like essays by a thoughtful author explaining their craft. If the guide reads like generated documentation, revise until it sounds like a person talking to another person about something they care about.

Step 6: Deliver

Write the guide as a single Markdown file. Suggested locations:

• .claude/docs/literate-guide.md for the full codebase
• .claude/docs/literate-guide-{feature}.md for a feature-specific guide

Tell the user what you've written and where it is. Mention the section count and the major themes covered so they know what to expect.