From islamic-finance
Activate for: mudaraba, investment account, IAH, investment account holder, profit-sharing investment, mudarib, rabb ul mal, PER, IRR, profit equalization reserve, investment risk reserve, restricted investment account, unrestricted investment account, FAS 3, profit pool, profit distribution, weightage table, Islamic deposit.
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**Mudaraba:** A partnership where:
Activate for: musharaka, joint venture Islamic, partnership finance, musharaka capital, profit and loss sharing, musharaka investment, FAS 4 musharaka, running musharaka, working capital musharaka, project musharaka, permanent musharaka.
Activate for: CET1, Tier 1, Total Capital, capital ratio, RWA, risk-weighted assets, Basel III, Basel IV, capital adequacy, capital buffers, MDA, maximum distributable amount, leverage ratio, ICAAP, output floor, Pillar 2, CCB, CCyB, G-SIB, D-SIB, capital conservation buffer. NOT for: credit risk RWA calculation detail (use basel-rwa-credit), market risk FRTB capital (use basel-rwa-market), liquidity ratios LCR/NSFR (use liquidity-lcr / liquidity-nsfr).
Advises on selecting, configuring, and operating portfolio management systems for advisory firms, covering model portfolios, UMA/sleeve management, drift monitoring, rebalancing, and custodian data feeds.
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Mudaraba: A partnership where:
In Islamic banking, the bank acts as MUDARIB for its Investment Account Holders (IAH), who are the rabb ul mal (capital providers).
Profits are shared in a pre-agreed ratio (e.g., bank 30%, IAH 70%). Losses are borne entirely by the IAH (unless caused by bank negligence or breach).
The profit pool for IAH distribution is calculated as follows:
Step 1 — Determine total income earned by the bank from all deployments.
Step 2 — Allocate income between bank's own funds and IAH funds: Income attributable to bank's own equity = Total Income x (Bank Equity / Total Funds) Income attributable to IAH = Total Income x (IAH Funds / Total Funds)
Step 3 — Apply mudarib share: Mudarib fee (bank's share) = IAH Income x Mudarib Percentage (e.g., 30%) Remaining distributable to IAH = IAH Income x IAH Percentage (e.g., 70%)
Step 4 — Apply weightages: Different account types receive different weightages based on tenure and conditions. Higher weightage = greater share of the distributable pool.
| Account Type | Balance | Weightage | Weighted Balance |
|---|---|---|---|
| Savings (30-day) | X | 0.90 | X x 0.90 |
| 90-day term | X | 1.00 | X x 1.00 |
| 180-day term | X | 1.15 | X x 1.15 |
| 365-day term | X | 1.25 | X x 1.25 |
| Total | Sum |
Distribution rate per unit of weighted balance = Distributable Income / Total Weighted Balance
Step 5 — Apply PER and IRR transfers (see below).
Step 6 — Final distribution to each account type.
PER (Profit Equalization Reserve): Purpose: Smooth returns to IAH across periods of high and low profit. In high-profit periods: transfer a portion to PER (building the reserve). In low-profit periods: draw from PER to supplement IAH returns.
Entry when building PER: Dr: Distributable Income (before final allocation to IAH) Cr: Profit Equalization Reserve (liability / separate fund)
Entry when drawing from PER: Dr: Profit Equalization Reserve Cr: Distributable Income to IAH
IRR (Investment Risk Reserve): Purpose: Buffer against capital loss to IAH. Funded from IAH's share of profits (taken before distribution to IAH).
Entry when building IRR: Dr: IAH Income Distributable Cr: Investment Risk Reserve
Entry when drawing from IRR to cover loss: Dr: Investment Risk Reserve Cr: IAH Capital / Loss on IAH Investment
IMPORTANT: PER and IRR must be approved by SSB. Their levels must be disclosed. Excessive PER/IRR that permanently suppresses IAH returns may raise Shariah concerns.
Recognition of gross income into profit pool: Dr: Income Receivable / Cash Cr: Profit Pool (internal allocation account)
Allocation to bank's own equity income: Dr: Profit Pool Cr: Bank's Own Income (P&L)
Mudarib fee recognition: Dr: Profit Pool Cr: Mudarib Fee Income (bank's P&L)
PER transfer: Dr: Profit Pool (IAH portion) Cr: Profit Equalization Reserve
IRR transfer: Dr: Profit Pool (IAH portion) Cr: Investment Risk Reserve
Final distribution to IAH: Dr: Profit Pool (remaining IAH distributable) Cr: Payable to Investment Account Holders
Distribution paid: Dr: Payable to Investment Account Holders Cr: Cash / Credited to IAH accounts
AAOIFI regime: IAH funds = "Equity of Investment Account Holders" — Separate balance sheet section, distinct from the bank's own equity and liabilities. — Reflects Shariah reality: IAH bear investment risk, not creditors.
IFRS regime: IAH funds = Financial Liabilities (IAS 32) — Because the bank has a practical obligation to return capital (due to regulatory requirements and market expectations), IAH deposits meet the definition of a financial liability under IAS 32. — Measured at amortised cost under IFRS 9.
THIS IS THE MOST SIGNIFICANT BALANCE SHEET DIFFERENCE between AAOIFI and IFRS for Islamic banks. It directly affects Return on Equity and capital ratios.
Unrestricted Investment Accounts (URIA): IAH gives bank full discretion to invest in any Shariah-compliant assets. Bank commingles URIA funds with its own funds. Most common type in retail Islamic banking.
Restricted Investment Accounts (RIA): IAH specifies investment mandate (e.g., only real estate, only sukuk). Bank manages as a separate pool; does not commingle with general funds. BNM in Malaysia has specific guidance on RIA accounting (on vs. off balance sheet).
AAOIFI FAS 3 / AAOIFI Governance Standard:
IFRS regime (supplementary):