go-code

Core Principles

1. YAGNI: Implement only current requirements, no premature abstraction
2. KISS: Simple solutions, profile before optimizing
3. Readability: Clear code > clever code
4. Format: Run go fmt after changes, use goimports

Naming

• MixedCaps (not snake_case): UserService, GetUser, ErrNotFound
• Acronyms all caps: HTTP, ID, URL
• Exported names start capital
• Short, descriptive names

Patterns

Interfaces

• Small, focused (<3 methods)
• Accept interfaces, return structs
• Define at point of use
• Names often end in -er

Error Handling

Requirements:

• Wrap errors with %w for context: fmt.Errorf("operation failed: %w", err)
• Sentinel errors for domain logic: var ErrNotFound = errors.New("not found")
• Check with errors.Is() / errors.As()
• Messages: lowercase, no punctuation, add context

func (s *Service) GetUser(ctx context.Context, id int) (*User, error) {
    user, err := s.repo.FindByID(ctx, id)
    if err != nil {
        return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to get user: %w", err)
    }
    return user, nil
}

Context

• First parameter: ctx context.Context
• Pass to all I/O operations
• Check cancellation in long-running operations

Package Organization

• Group by functionality, not type
• package user with Service, Repository, Handler
• Not package services with all services

Tests

tests := []struct {
    name string
    a, b int
    want int
}{
    {"positive", 1, 2, 3},
    {"negative", -1, -2, -3},
}

for _, tt := range tests {
    t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
        got := Add(tt.a, tt.b)
        if got != tt.want {
            t.Errorf("Add(%d, %d) = %d; want %d", tt.a, tt.b, got, tt.want)
        }
    })
}

Anti-Patterns

Pattern	Example	Fix
Global State	var defaultX = ...	Immutable init() only
Naked Goroutines	go func(){}()	Context cancellation
Ignored Errors	result, _ := op()	Handle or document
Defer in Loops	defer in for	Manual cleanup
String Concat	s += s2 in loops	strings.Builder
Large Interfaces	>3 methods	Split or rethink
Over-engineering	Factory for simple constructor	Direct New()

Performance

sync.Pool: Use for hot paths; always Reset() before Put().

Zero-alloc: Pre-allocate slices (make([]T, 0, cap)), use strings.Builder, prefer []byte.

Profile: go test -cpuprofile=cpu.prof -bench=. → go tool pprof → optimize → repeat.

Functional Options Pattern

type Server struct {
    host    string
    port    int
    timeout time.Duration
}

type Option func(*Server)

func WithPort(port int) Option {
    return func(s *Server) { s.port = port }
}

func NewServer(opts ...Option) *Server {
    s := &Server{
        host:    "localhost",
        port:    8080,
        timeout: 30 * time.Second,
    }
    for _, opt := range opts {
        opt(s)
    }
    return s
}

// Usage
srv := NewServer(WithPort(3000))