Writing Tests

How to write tests that catch bugs, document behavior, and remain maintainable.

Table of Contents

• Critical Rules
• When This Applies
• Test Naming
• Assertion Best Practices
• Test Structure
• Edge Case Checklists
• Bug Clustering
• When Tempted to Cut Corners
• Integration with Other Skills

Critical Rules

🚨 Test names describe outcomes, not actions. "returns empty array when input is null" not "test null input". The name IS the specification.

🚨 Assertions must match test titles. If the test claims to verify "different IDs", assert on the actual ID values—not just count or existence.

🚨 Assert specific values, not types. expect(result).toEqual(['First.', ' Second.']) not expect(result).toBeDefined(). Specific assertions catch specific bugs.

🚨 One concept per test. Each test verifies one behavior. If you need "and" in your test name, split it.

🚨 Bugs cluster together. When you find one bug, test related scenarios. The same misunderstanding often causes multiple failures.

When This Applies

• Writing new tests
• Reviewing test quality
• During TDD RED phase (writing the failing test)
• Expanding test coverage
• Investigating discovered bugs

Test Naming

Pattern: [outcome] when [condition]

Good Names (Describe Outcomes)

returns empty array when input is null
throws ValidationError when email format invalid
calculates tax correctly for tax-exempt items
preserves original order when duplicates removed

Bad Names (Describe Actions)

test null input           // What about null input?
should work               // What does "work" mean?
handles edge cases        // Which edge cases?
email validation test     // What's being validated?

The Specification Test

Your test name should read like a specification. If someone reads ONLY the test names, they should understand the complete behavior of the system.

Assertion Best Practices

See resources/assertion-examples.ts for complete examples covering:

• Assert Specific Values — weak (toBeDefined) vs strong (toEqual) assertions
• Match Assertions to Test Title — asserting count vs asserting actual difference
• Avoid Implementation Coupling — testing implementation details vs behavior

Test Structure

See resources/test-structure-examples.ts for complete examples covering:

• Arrange-Act-Assert — the standard test structure pattern
• One Concept Per Test — multiple concepts vs single concept per test

Edge Case Checklists

When testing a function, systematically consider these edge cases based on input types.

Numbers

• Zero
• Negative numbers
• Very large numbers (near MAX_SAFE_INTEGER)
• Very small numbers (near MIN_SAFE_INTEGER)
• Decimal precision (0.1 + 0.2)
• NaN
• Infinity / -Infinity
• Boundary values (off-by-one at limits)

Strings

• Empty string ""
• Whitespace only " "
• Very long strings (10K+ characters)
• Unicode: emojis 👨‍👩‍👧‍👦, RTL text, combining characters
• Special characters: quotes, backslashes, null bytes
• SQL/HTML/script injection patterns
• Leading/trailing whitespace
• Mixed case sensitivity

Collections (Arrays, Objects, Maps)

• Empty collection [], {}
• Single element
• Duplicates
• Nested structures
• Circular references
• Very large collections (performance)
• Sparse arrays
• Mixed types in arrays

Dates and Times

• Leap years (Feb 29)
• Daylight saving transitions
• Timezone boundaries
• Midnight (00:00:00)
• End of day (23:59:59)
• Year boundaries (Dec 31 → Jan 1)
• Invalid dates (Feb 30, Month 13)
• Unix epoch edge cases
• Far future/past dates

Null and Undefined

• null input
• undefined input
• Missing optional properties
• Explicit undefined vs missing key

Domain-Specific

• Email: valid formats, edge cases (plus signs, subdomains)
• URLs: protocols, ports, special characters, relative paths
• Phone numbers: international formats, extensions
• Addresses: Unicode, multi-line, missing components
• Currency: rounding, different currencies, zero amounts
• Percentages: 0%, 100%, over 100%

Violated Domain Constraints

These test implicit assumptions in your domain:

• Uniqueness violations (duplicate IDs, emails)
• Missing required relationships (orphaned records)
• Ordering violations (events out of sequence)
• Range breaches (age -1, quantity 1000000)
• State inconsistencies (shipped but not paid)
• Format mismatches (expected JSON, got XML)
• Temporal ordering (end before start)

Typed Property Validation

When testing code that validates properties against type constraints (e.g., validating route: string in an interface):

Wrong-type literals:

• Numeric literal when string expected (route = 123)
• Boolean literal when string expected (route = true)
• String literal when number expected (count = 'five')
• String literal when boolean expected (enabled = 'yes')

Non-literal expressions:

• Template literal (route = `/path/${id}`)
• Variable reference (route = someVariable)
• Function call (route = getRoute())
• Computed property (route = config.path)

Correct type:

• Valid literal of correct type (route = '/orders')
• Edge values (empty string '', zero 0, false)

Why this matters: A common bug pattern is validating "is this a literal?" without checking "is this the RIGHT TYPE of literal?"

• hasLiteralValue() returns true for 123, true, and 'string'
• hasStringLiteralValue() returns true only for 'string'

When an interface specifies property: string, validation must reject numeric and boolean literals, not just non-literal expressions.

Bug Clustering

When you discover a bug, don't stop—explore related scenarios:

1. Same function, similar inputs - If null fails, test undefined, empty string
2. Same pattern, different locations - If one endpoint mishandles auth, check others
3. Same developer assumption - If off-by-one here, check other boundaries
4. Same data type - If dates fail at DST, check other time edge cases

When Tempted to Cut Corners

• If your test name says "test" or "should work": STOP. What outcome are you actually verifying? Name it specifically.

• If you're asserting toBeDefined() or toBeTruthy(): STOP. What value do you actually expect? Assert that instead.

• If your assertion doesn't match your test title: STOP. Either fix the assertion or rename the test. They must agree.

• If you're testing multiple concepts in one test: STOP. Split it. Future you debugging a failure will thank you.

• If you found a bug and wrote one test: STOP. Bugs cluster. What related scenarios might have the same problem?

• If you're skipping edge cases because "that won't happen": STOP. It will happen. In production. At 3 AM.

DSAI Component Testing

When testing DSAI components, follow these additional patterns:

Component Test Structure

import { render, screen, fireEvent } from '@testing-library/react';
import { axe, toHaveNoViolations } from 'jest-axe';
import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button';

expect.extend(toHaveNoViolations);

describe('Button', () => {
  it('renders with correct variant class', () => {
    render(<Button variant="primary">Click me</Button>);
    expect(screen.getByRole('button')).toHaveClass('btn', 'btn-primary');
  });

  it('shows spinner when loading', () => {
    render(<Button loading>Save</Button>);
    expect(screen.getByRole('status')).toBeInTheDocument();
    expect(screen.getByRole('button')).toBeDisabled();
  });

  it('forwards ref to button element', () => {
    const ref = { current: null };
    render(<Button ref={ref}>Click</Button>);
    expect(ref.current).toBeInstanceOf(HTMLButtonElement);
  });
});

Accessibility Tests (Separate File)

// Button.a11y.test.tsx
import { render } from '@testing-library/react';
import { axe, toHaveNoViolations } from 'jest-axe';
import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button';

expect.extend(toHaveNoViolations);

it('has no accessibility violations', async () => {
  const { container } = render(<Button variant="primary">Click me</Button>);
  expect(await axe(container)).toHaveNoViolations();
});

DSAI-Specific Test Checklist

• forwardRef — verify ref is forwarded to DOM element
• displayName — verify component.displayName matches expected name
• cn() — verify className composition with custom classes
• FSM states — test all state transitions (idle → hovered → pressed → loading → error)
• Compound components — test sub-components throw when used outside parent context
• Controlled/Uncontrolled — test both value+onChange and defaultValue modes
• Accessibility — separate .a11y.test.tsx file with jest-axe
• SemanticColorVariant — test all 8 color variants render correct classes
• ComponentSize — test sm/md/lg size variants

forwardRef Forwarding Test

it('forwards ref to the root DOM element', () => {
  const ref = React.createRef<HTMLButtonElement>();
  render(<Button ref={ref}>Click</Button>);
  expect(ref.current).toBeInstanceOf(HTMLButtonElement);
  expect(ref.current?.tagName).toBe('BUTTON');
});

displayName Verification Test

it('has correct displayName', () => {
  expect(Button.displayName).toBe('Button');
});

FSM State Transition Test

import { buttonFSMReducer, createInitialButtonFSMState } from './Button.fsm';

describe('Button FSM', () => {
  it('transitions idle → hovered on HOVER', () => {
    const initial = createInitialButtonFSMState({});
    const next = buttonFSMReducer(initial, { type: 'HOVER' });
    expect(next.status).toBe('hovered');
  });

  it('transitions hovered → pressed on PRESS', () => {
    const hovered = buttonFSMReducer(
      createInitialButtonFSMState({}),
      { type: 'HOVER' }
    );
    const pressed = buttonFSMReducer(hovered, { type: 'PRESS' });
    expect(pressed.status).toBe('pressed');
  });

  it('stays disabled when receiving HOVER in disabled state', () => {
    const disabled = buttonFSMReducer(
      createInitialButtonFSMState({}),
      { type: 'DISABLE' }
    );
    const result = buttonFSMReducer(disabled, { type: 'HOVER' });
    expect(result.status).toBe('disabled');
  });
});

cn() Class Composition Test

import { cn } from '@/utils/cn';

describe('cn()', () => {
  it('joins truthy values', () => {
    expect(cn('btn', 'btn-primary', 'btn-lg')).toBe('btn btn-primary btn-lg');
  });

  it('filters out falsy values', () => {
    expect(cn('btn', false && 'btn-primary', undefined, null, '')).toBe('btn');
  });

  it('applies conditional classes', () => {
    const variant = 'danger';
    const size: string | undefined = undefined;
    expect(cn('btn', `btn-${variant}`, size && `btn-${size}`)).toBe('btn btn-danger');
  });
});

Compound Component Context Test

it('throws when sub-component used outside parent', () => {
  const consoleSpy = vi.spyOn(console, 'error').mockImplementation(() => {});
  expect(() => render(<Card.Header>Orphan</Card.Header>)).toThrow();
  consoleSpy.mockRestore();
});

Integration with Other Skills

With TDD Process: This skill guides the RED phase—how to write the failing test well.

With Software Design Principles: Testable code follows design principles. Hard-to-test code often has design problems.