test-case-design

Test Case Design Techniques

When to Use This Skill

Use this skill when:

• Test Case Design tasks - Working on apply systematic test case design techniques including equivalence partitioning, boundary value analysis, decision tables, and state transition testing
• Planning or design - Need guidance on Test Case Design approaches
• Best practices - Want to follow established patterns and standards

Overview

Systematic test case design techniques ensure thorough coverage while minimizing test case count. These black-box techniques derive test cases from specifications without knowledge of internal implementation.

Equivalence Partitioning

Divide input data into equivalent classes where any value should produce the same behavior.

Process

1. Identify input conditions
2. Divide into valid and invalid partitions
3. Select one representative value from each partition
4. Create test cases for each partition

Example: Age Validation (18-65)

Partition	Range	Representative	Expected
Invalid (below)	< 18	10	Reject
Valid	18-65	30	Accept
Invalid (above)	> 65	70	Reject

Test Cases:

• TC1: age = 10 → Reject (invalid below)
• TC2: age = 30 → Accept (valid)
• TC3: age = 70 → Reject (invalid above)

Multiple Input Partitions

Combine partitions systematically:

Input A: {Valid, Invalid}
Input B: {Valid, Invalid}

Combinations:
1. A-Valid, B-Valid → Expected: Success
2. A-Valid, B-Invalid → Expected: Error for B
3. A-Invalid, B-Valid → Expected: Error for A
4. A-Invalid, B-Invalid → Expected: Error for both

Boundary Value Analysis

Test at and around partition boundaries where defects commonly occur.

Process

1. Identify boundaries from equivalence partitions
2. Test at minimum, just below, just above, and maximum
3. Include special values (0, empty, null)

Example: Age Validation (18-65)

Boundary	Test Values	Expected
Below minimum	17	Reject
At minimum	18	Accept
Above minimum	19	Accept
Normal	40	Accept
Below maximum	64	Accept
At maximum	65	Accept
Above maximum	66	Reject

Extended Boundaries:

• 0 (edge case)
• -1 (negative)
• MAX_INT (overflow)
• null (missing)

.NET Example

public class AgeValidationTests
{
    [Theory]
    [InlineData(17, false)]  // Below minimum
    [InlineData(18, true)]   // At minimum
    [InlineData(19, true)]   // Above minimum
    [InlineData(40, true)]   // Normal
    [InlineData(64, true)]   // Below maximum
    [InlineData(65, true)]   // At maximum
    [InlineData(66, false)]  // Above maximum
    [InlineData(0, false)]   // Zero
    [InlineData(-1, false)]  // Negative
    public void ValidateAge_ReturnsExpected(int age, bool expected)
    {
        var result = _validator.IsValidAge(age);
        Assert.Equal(expected, result);
    }
}

Decision Table Testing

Test complex business rules with multiple conditions systematically.

Process

1. Identify conditions (inputs)
2. Identify actions (outputs)
3. Create table with all condition combinations
4. Simplify using "don't care" conditions

Example: Discount Calculation

Conditions:

• Is member? (Y/N)
• Order > $100? (Y/N)
• Has coupon? (Y/N)

Actions:

• Apply member discount (10%)
• Apply bulk discount (5%)
• Apply coupon discount (15%)

Rule	Member	Order>$100	Coupon	Member%	Bulk%	Coupon%
R1	Y	Y	Y	X	X	X
R2	Y	Y	N	X	X	-
R3	Y	N	Y	X	-	X
R4	Y	N	N	X	-	-
R5	N	Y	Y	-	X	X
R6	N	Y	N	-	X	-
R7	N	N	Y	-	-	X
R8	N	N	N	-	-	-

.NET Example

public class DiscountCalculationTests
{
    public static TheoryData<bool, decimal, bool, decimal> DiscountScenarios => new()
    {
        { true, 150m, true, 0.30m },   // R1: Member + Bulk + Coupon
        { true, 150m, false, 0.15m },  // R2: Member + Bulk
        { true, 50m, true, 0.25m },    // R3: Member + Coupon
        { true, 50m, false, 0.10m },   // R4: Member only
        { false, 150m, true, 0.20m },  // R5: Bulk + Coupon
        { false, 150m, false, 0.05m }, // R6: Bulk only
        { false, 50m, true, 0.15m },   // R7: Coupon only
        { false, 50m, false, 0.00m },  // R8: No discount
    };

    [Theory]
    [MemberData(nameof(DiscountScenarios))]
    public void CalculateDiscount_ReturnsExpected(
        bool isMember, decimal orderTotal, bool hasCoupon, decimal expectedDiscount)
    {
        var discount = _calculator.Calculate(isMember, orderTotal, hasCoupon);
        Assert.Equal(expectedDiscount, discount);
    }
}

State Transition Testing

Test systems with distinct states and transitions between them.

Process

1. Identify states
2. Identify valid transitions
3. Create state transition table/diagram
4. Design tests for each transition
5. Include invalid transition tests

Example: Order State Machine

         ┌──────────┐
         │  Draft   │
         └────┬─────┘
              │ submit()
              ▼
         ┌──────────┐
    ┌────│ Pending  │────┐
    │    └────┬─────┘    │
    │         │ approve()│ reject()
    │         ▼          ▼
    │    ┌──────────┐  ┌──────────┐
    │    │ Approved │  │ Rejected │
    │    └────┬─────┘  └──────────┘
    │         │ ship()
    │         ▼
    │    ┌──────────┐
    └────│ Shipped  │
         └────┬─────┘
              │ deliver()
              ▼
         ┌──────────┐
         │Delivered │
         └──────────┘

State Transition Table

Current State	Event	Next State	Valid
Draft	submit	Pending	✓
Draft	approve	-	✗
Pending	approve	Approved	✓
Pending	reject	Rejected	✓
Approved	ship	Shipped	✓
Shipped	deliver	Delivered	✓
Delivered	*	-	✗

.NET Example

public class OrderStateTests
{
    [Fact]
    public void Draft_Submit_TransitionsToPending()
    {
        var order = new Order { Status = OrderStatus.Draft };
        order.Submit();
        Assert.Equal(OrderStatus.Pending, order.Status);
    }

    [Fact]
    public void Draft_Approve_ThrowsInvalidStateException()
    {
        var order = new Order { Status = OrderStatus.Draft };
        Assert.Throws<InvalidOperationException>(() => order.Approve());
    }

    [Fact]
    public void Delivered_AnyAction_ThrowsFinalStateException()
    {
        var order = new Order { Status = OrderStatus.Delivered };
        Assert.Throws<InvalidOperationException>(() => order.Cancel());
    }
}

Pairwise Testing

Efficiently test combinations when full combinatorial testing is impractical.

Concept

Most defects are caused by interactions between 2 parameters. Testing all pairs covers most risks with fewer tests.

Example: Browser Compatibility

Parameters:

• Browser: Chrome, Firefox, Safari, Edge
• OS: Windows, macOS, Linux
• Version: Latest, Previous

Full combinations: 4 × 3 × 2 = 24 tests Pairwise coverage: 8-12 tests (covers all pairs)

Pairwise Test Set

Test	Browser	OS	Version
1	Chrome	Windows	Latest
2	Firefox	macOS	Previous
3	Safari	macOS	Latest
4	Edge	Windows	Previous
5	Chrome	Linux	Previous
6	Firefox	Windows	Latest
7	Chrome	macOS	Latest
8	Edge	Linux	Latest

Use tools like PICT, AllPairs, or online generators.

Error Guessing

Experience-based technique to identify likely defect areas.

Common Error Patterns

Category	Examples
Null/Empty	null input, empty string, empty collection
Boundaries	off-by-one, overflow, underflow
Format	Invalid date, malformed email, wrong encoding
State	Race conditions, stale data, concurrency
Resources	Memory exhaustion, connection limits, timeouts
Security	SQL injection, XSS, path traversal

Error Guessing Checklist

• What if input is null?
• What if input is empty?
• What if input contains special characters?
• What if input exceeds maximum length?
• What if concurrent requests occur?
• What if external service fails?
• What if database connection drops?
• What if input is negative?
• What if list has duplicates?

Technique Selection Guide

Scenario	Recommended Technique
Range validation	Boundary Value + Equivalence
Complex business rules	Decision Table
State-dependent behavior	State Transition
Multi-parameter input	Pairwise
Error handling	Error Guessing
Critical calculations	All techniques combined

Integration Points

Inputs from:

• Requirements → Test conditions
• test-strategy-planning skill → Coverage targets

Outputs to:

• acceptance-criteria-authoring skill → Scenario coverage
• Test automation → Test data