modular-architecture

Modular Architecture

When to Use This Skill

Use this skill when you need to:

• Structure a modular monolith application
• Define boundaries between modules (bounded contexts)
• Set up inter-module communication patterns
• Implement ports and adapters (hexagonal) architecture
• Isolate database contexts between modules
• Configure MediatR for internal domain events

Keywords: modular monolith, modules, bounded contexts, ports and adapters, hexagonal architecture, module communication, data isolation, separate DbContext, MediatR, domain events, internal events, module boundaries

Module Structure Pattern

Core Principle

Organize code by modules (business capabilities), not layers. Each module is a self-contained vertical slice with its own:

• Domain entities and value objects
• Application services and handlers
• Infrastructure implementations
• Data transfer objects for external communication

Standard Module Layout

src/
├── Modules/
│   ├── Ordering/
│   │   ├── Ordering.Core/           # Domain + Application
│   │   │   ├── Domain/              # Entities, Value Objects, Events
│   │   │   ├── Application/         # Commands, Queries, Handlers
│   │   │   └── Ports/               # Interfaces (driven/driving)
│   │   ├── Ordering.Infrastructure/ # External dependencies
│   │   │   ├── Persistence/         # EF Core, DbContext
│   │   │   └── Adapters/            # External service implementations
│   │   └── Ordering.DataTransfer/   # DTOs for module-to-module communication
│   ├── Inventory/
│   │   ├── Inventory.Core/
│   │   ├── Inventory.Infrastructure/
│   │   └── Inventory.DataTransfer/
│   └── Shared/                      # Truly shared kernel (minimal)
│       └── Shared.Kernel/           # Common value objects, interfaces
└── Host/                            # Composition root, startup
    └── Api/                         # Controllers, middleware

Key Principles

1. No cross-module domain references - Modules cannot reference each other's Core projects
2. DataTransfer for communication - Use DTOs to pass data between modules
3. Infrastructure stays internal - Each module owns its persistence
4. Minimal shared kernel - Only truly universal concepts go in Shared

Ports and Adapters (Hexagonal) Pattern

The hexagonal architecture separates business logic from external concerns through ports (interfaces) and adapters (implementations).

Detailed guide: See references/ports-adapters-guide.md

Quick Reference

┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│                    DRIVING SIDE (Primary)                   │
│         Controllers, CLI, Message Handlers, Tests           │
│                           │                                 │
│                    ┌──────▼──────┐                          │
│                    │   PORTS     │  (Input interfaces)      │
│                    │ IOrderService│                         │
│                    └──────┬──────┘                          │
│                           │                                 │
│              ┌────────────▼────────────┐                    │
│              │      APPLICATION        │                    │
│              │    (Use Cases/Handlers) │                    │
│              └────────────┬────────────┘                    │
│                           │                                 │
│              ┌────────────▼────────────┐                    │
│              │        DOMAIN           │                    │
│              │  (Entities, Value Objs) │                    │
│              └────────────┬────────────┘                    │
│                           │                                 │
│                    ┌──────▼──────┐                          │
│                    │   PORTS     │  (Output interfaces)     │
│                    │IOrderRepository│                       │
│                    └──────┬──────┘                          │
│                           │                                 │
│                    DRIVEN SIDE (Secondary)                  │
│         Databases, External APIs, File Systems, Queues      │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

Driving Ports: Interfaces the application exposes (implemented by the application) Driven Ports: Interfaces the application needs (implemented by adapters)

Module Communication

Modules must communicate without creating tight coupling. Two primary patterns:

Detailed guide: See references/module-communication.md

Synchronous Communication (DataTransfer)

For query operations where immediate response is needed:

// In Inventory module - needs to check product availability
public class CheckStockHandler
{
    private readonly IOrderingModuleApi _orderingApi;

    public async Task<StockStatus> Handle(CheckStockQuery query)
    {
        // Get order info through DataTransfer DTO
        var orderDto = await _orderingApi.GetOrderSummary(query.OrderId);
        // orderDto is from Ordering.DataTransfer project
    }
}

Asynchronous Communication (MediatR Domain Events)

For state changes that other modules need to react to:

// In Ordering module - publishes event after order is placed
public class PlaceOrderHandler
{
    private readonly IMediator _mediator;

    public async Task Handle(PlaceOrderCommand command)
    {
        // ... create order ...

        // Publish integration event (handled by other modules)
        await _mediator.Publish(new OrderPlacedIntegrationEvent(
            order.Id, order.Items.Select(i => i.ProductId)));
    }
}

// In Inventory module - handles the event
public class OrderPlacedHandler : INotificationHandler<OrderPlacedIntegrationEvent>
{
    public async Task Handle(OrderPlacedIntegrationEvent notification, CancellationToken ct)
    {
        // Reserve inventory for the order
        await _inventoryService.ReserveStock(notification.ProductIds);
    }
}

Data Isolation Patterns

Each module should own its data to prevent tight coupling at the database level.

Detailed guide: See references/data-patterns.md

Separate DbContext Per Module

// Ordering module's DbContext
public class OrderingDbContext : DbContext
{
    public DbSet<Order> Orders { get; set; }
    public DbSet<OrderItem> OrderItems { get; set; }

    protected override void OnModelCreating(ModelBuilder builder)
    {
        // Only configure Ordering entities
        builder.ApplyConfigurationsFromAssembly(typeof(OrderingDbContext).Assembly);
    }
}

// Inventory module's DbContext
public class InventoryDbContext : DbContext
{
    public DbSet<Product> Products { get; set; }
    public DbSet<StockLevel> StockLevels { get; set; }
}

Key Rules

1. No foreign keys between modules - Use IDs as value objects instead
2. No shared tables - Each module owns its tables completely
3. Same database is acceptable - Separate schema/prefix per module
4. Eventual consistency - Accept that cross-module data may be stale

MediatR Integration

MediatR provides the messaging infrastructure for both in-module CQRS and cross-module integration events.

Detailed guide: See references/mediatr-integration.md

Registration Pattern

// In each module's registration
public static class OrderingModule
{
    public static IServiceCollection AddOrderingModule(this IServiceCollection services)
    {
        services.AddMediatR(cfg =>
            cfg.RegisterServicesFromAssembly(typeof(OrderingModule).Assembly));

        services.AddScoped<IOrderingModuleApi, OrderingModuleApi>();
        services.AddDbContext<OrderingDbContext>();

        return services;
    }
}

Event Types

Type	Scope	Use Case
Domain Event	Within module	Aggregate state changes
Integration Event	Cross-module	Notify other modules of changes

Integration with Event Storming

This skill works with the event-storming skill for bounded context discovery:

1. Event Storming discovers bounded contexts and events
2. Modular Architecture implements those contexts as modules
3. Events become MediatR integration events
4. Context boundaries become module boundaries

Workflow:

Event Storming (discover "what")
    ↓
Bounded Contexts identified
    ↓
Modular Architecture (implement "where")
    ↓
Module structure created
    ↓
Fitness Functions (enforce boundaries)

Fitness Functions

Use the fitness-functions skill to enforce module boundaries:

• No cross-module domain references
• DataTransfer project rules (only DTOs)
• Infrastructure isolation (no leaking implementations)

Quick Start Checklist

When starting a new modular monolith:

• Create Modules/ directory structure
• Define Shared.Kernel with minimal shared types
• Create per-module projects (Core, Infrastructure, DataTransfer)
• Configure separate DbContext per module
• Set up MediatR for domain/integration events
• Add architecture tests to enforce boundaries
• Document module APIs in DataTransfer projects

References

• references/ports-adapters-guide.md - Detailed hexagonal architecture patterns
• references/module-communication.md - Sync and async communication patterns
• references/data-patterns.md - Database isolation strategies
• references/mediatr-integration.md - MediatR configuration and patterns

Version History

• v1.0.0 (2025-12-22): Initial release
  • Module structure patterns
  • Ports and adapters overview
  • Module communication (sync/async)
  • Data isolation patterns
  • MediatR integration
  • Event storming integration

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Last Updated

Date: 2025-12-22 Model: claude-opus-4-5-20251101