fact-check

Fact-Check Skill

Systematic verification of claims in generated content. Designed to catch hallucinations, confabulations, and unsupported assertions.

Why Separate Passes Matter

The Fundamental Problem: LLMs generate plausible-sounding content by predicting what should come next. This same mechanism produces hallucinations—confident statements that feel true but aren't. An LLM in generation mode cannot reliably catch its own hallucinations because:

1. Attention is on generation, not verification
2. Coherence pressure makes false claims feel correct in context
3. Same weights that produced the error will confirm it
4. No external grounding to contradict the confabulation

The Solution: Verification must be a separate cognitive pass with:

• Fresh attention focused solely on each claim
• Explicit source checking (not memory/training data)
• Adversarial stance toward the content
• External grounding where possible

Diagnostic States

F1: No Verification Pass

Symptoms: Content generated and delivered without any fact-checking. Risk: Hallucinations pass through undetected. Intervention: Run verification pass before delivery. Extract claims, check each against sources.

F2: Self-Verification (Invalid)

Symptoms: Same pass asked to "check your facts" while generating. Risk: False confidence—errors confirmed by same process that created them. Intervention: Complete generation first, then run separate verification pass with explicit source requirements.

F3: Memory-Based Verification (Unreliable)

Symptoms: Claims checked against "what I know" without external sources. Risk: Hallucinations verified by hallucinated knowledge. Intervention: Require explicit source citation for each verified claim. If no source available, mark as unverified.

F4: Selective Verification

Symptoms: Only some claims checked; others assumed correct. Risk: Unchecked claims may contain errors. Intervention: Systematic extraction of ALL verifiable claims. Check each, or explicitly mark unchecked items.

F5: Verification Complete

Symptoms: All claims extracted, each checked against sources, confidence levels assigned. Indicators: Source citations present, unverified claims marked, confidence explicit.

The Verification Process

Phase 1: Claim Extraction

Extract every verifiable statement from the content.

Claim types to extract:

• Factual assertions ("X is Y", "X causes Y")
• Statistics and numbers ("40% of...", "in 2023...")
• Attributions ("According to X...", "Research shows...")
• Definitions ("X means...", "X is defined as...")
• Historical claims ("X happened in...", "X was founded by...")
• Causal claims ("X leads to Y", "X prevents Y")
• Comparative claims ("X is better than Y", "X is the largest...")

What to skip:

• Opinions clearly marked as such
• Hypotheticals and speculation (if labeled)
• Logical deductions from stated premises
• Direct quotes (verify attribution, not content)

Phase 2: Claim Categorization

Categorize each claim by verifiability:

Category	Description	Verification Strategy
Verifiable-Hard	Numbers, dates, names, quotes	Must match source exactly
Verifiable-Soft	General facts, processes, mechanisms	Source should substantially support
Attribution	"X said...", "According to..."	Verify source exists and said something similar
Inference	Conclusions drawn from evidence	Verify premises, assess reasoning
Opinion-as-Fact	Subjective claim stated as objective	Flag for rewording or qualification

Phase 3: Source Verification

For each claim, attempt verification:

## Claim Verification Log

### Claim 1: "[exact claim text]"
- **Category:** [Verifiable-Hard/Soft/Attribution/Inference]
- **Source checked:** [specific source]
- **Finding:** [Confirmed/Partially supported/Not found/Contradicted]
- **Confidence:** [High/Medium/Low]
- **Notes:** [discrepancies, qualifications needed]

### Claim 2: ...

Verification outcomes:

Outcome	Meaning	Action
Confirmed	Source explicitly supports claim	Keep, cite source
Partially supported	Source supports part, not all	Qualify or narrow claim
Not found	No source located	Mark unverified, consider removing
Contradicted	Source says opposite	Remove or correct
Outdated	Source is dated; current state may differ	Update or add recency caveat

Phase 4: Confidence Assignment

Assign overall confidence to the content:

Level	Criteria
High	All key claims verified; no contradictions found
Medium	Most claims verified; some unverified but plausible
Low	Significant claims unverified; some corrections needed
Unreliable	Multiple contradictions found; major revision needed

Hallucination Patterns

Common hallucination types to watch for:

1. Plausible Fabrication

Pattern: Specific details that sound right but don't exist. Examples: Fake paper citations, non-existent statistics, invented quotes. Detection: Verify specific claims against primary sources.

2. Confident Extrapolation

Pattern: Reasonable inference stated as established fact. Examples: "Studies show..." (no specific study), "Experts agree..." (no citation). Detection: Require specific source for any claim of external support.

3. Temporal Confusion

Pattern: Mixing information from different time periods. Examples: Old statistics presented as current, defunct organizations described as active. Detection: Check dates on sources, verify current status.

4. Attribution Drift

Pattern: Correct information attributed to wrong source. Examples: Quote assigned to wrong person, finding attributed to wrong study. Detection: Verify attribution specifically, not just content.

5. Amalgamation

Pattern: Combining details from multiple sources into one fictional source. Examples: Invented study that combines real findings from separate papers. Detection: Verify the specific source exists and contains all attributed claims.

6. Precision Inflation

Pattern: Adding false precision to vague knowledge. Examples: "Approximately 47.3%" when only "about half" is supported. Detection: Check if source actually provides that level of precision.

Verification Checklist

Before releasing fact-checked content:

• Claims extracted? All verifiable statements identified
• Sources checked? Each claim verified against external source
• Specific, not memory? Verification used actual sources, not LLM training data
• Contradictions flagged? Conflicts between claims and sources noted
• Unverified marked? Claims without sources explicitly identified
• Confidence stated? Overall reliability level communicated
• Separate pass? Verification done after generation, not during

Integration with Research Skill

Research Phase	Fact-Check Role
During research	Verify claims in sources themselves
After synthesis	Verify that synthesis accurately represents sources
Before delivery	Final pass to catch hallucinations in output

Handoff pattern:

1. Research skill gathers and synthesizes information
2. Content is generated based on research
3. Fact-check skill runs as separate pass
4. Corrections made, confidence assigned
5. Output delivered with verification status

Operational Constraints

What This Skill Cannot Do

1. Verify during generation — Must be separate pass
2. Catch all hallucinations — Some may slip through
3. Verify without sources — No sources = unverified, not "verified by knowledge"
4. Replace domain expertise — Can check sources exist, not evaluate quality

When Verification Is Most Critical

Context	Verification Level
Published content	Full verification required
Decision support	Key claims must be verified
Educational content	High accuracy expected
Casual conversation	Light verification acceptable
Creative fiction	N/A (different standards)

Anti-Patterns

Pattern	Problem	Fix
"I'm confident"	Confidence ≠ accuracy	Require source citation
"To the best of my knowledge"	Memory is unreliable	Check external source
"Generally speaking"	Vagueness hides uncertainty	Be specific or mark unverified
"Research shows"	Which research?	Cite specific source
Verify-while-generating	Same pass can't catch own errors	Separate passes mandatory
Check one, assume rest	Partial verification	Check all or mark unchecked

Output Format

When delivering fact-checked content:

## [Content Title]

[Content body with claims]

---

### Verification Status

**Overall Confidence:** [High/Medium/Low]

**Verified Claims:**
- [Claim 1] — Source: [citation]
- [Claim 2] — Source: [citation]

**Unverified Claims:**
- [Claim 3] — No source found; treat as uncertain

**Corrections Made:**
- [Original claim] → [Corrected claim] (Source: [citation])

**Caveats:**
- [Any limitations or qualifications]

Output Persistence

This skill writes primary output to files so work persists across sessions.

Output Discovery

Before doing any other work:

1. Check for context/output-config.md in the project
2. If found, look for this skill's entry
3. If not found or no entry for this skill, ask the user first:
   • "Where should I save output from this fact-check session?"
   • Suggest: explorations/fact-check/ or a sensible location for this project
4. Store the user's preference:
   • In context/output-config.md if context network exists
   • In .fact-check-output.md at project root otherwise

Primary Output

For this skill, persist:

• Claims extracted - all verifiable statements identified
• Verification results - each claim with source and status
• Confidence assessment - overall content reliability
• Corrections made - any changes from original

Conversation vs. File

Goes to File	Stays in Conversation
Verification status report	Discussion of sources
Claim-by-claim results	Clarifying questions
Confidence assessment	Verification process
Corrections and caveats	Real-time feedback

File Naming

Pattern: {content-name}-factcheck-{date}.md Example: research-synthesis-factcheck-2025-01-15.md

Source Framework

This skill extends the research cluster with post-generation verification. Distinct from research (which gathers information) and operates as quality control on output.

Related: skills/research/SKILL.md (pre-generation), references/doppelganger/ (truth hierarchies)