distill

Distillation guide

This guide covers extracting Allium specifications from existing codebases. The core challenge is the same as forward elicitation: finding the right level of abstraction. In elicitation you filter out implementation ideas as they arise. In distillation you filter out implementation details that already exist. Both require the same judgement about what matters at the domain level.

Code tells you how something works. A specification captures what it does and why it matters. The skill is asking "why does the stakeholder care about this?" and "could this be different while still being the same system?"

Scoping the distillation effort

Before diving into code, establish what you are trying to specify. Not every line of code deserves a place in the spec.

Questions to ask first

1. "What subset of this codebase are we specifying?" Mono repos often contain multiple distinct systems. You may only need a spec for one service or domain. Clarify boundaries explicitly before starting.

2. "Is there code we should deliberately exclude?"

   • Legacy code: features kept for backwards compatibility but not part of the core system
   • Incidental code: supporting infrastructure that is not domain-level (logging, metrics, deployment)
   • Deprecated paths: code scheduled for removal
   • Experimental features: behind feature flags, not yet design decisions

3. "Who owns this spec?" Different teams may own different parts of a mono repo. Each team's spec should focus on their domain.

The "Would we rebuild this?" test

For any code path you encounter, ask: "If we rebuilt this system from scratch, would this be in the requirements?"

• Yes: include in spec
• No, it is legacy: exclude
• No, it is infrastructure: exclude
• No, it is a workaround: exclude (but note the underlying need it addresses)

Documenting scope decisions

At the top of a distilled spec, document what is included and excluded:

-- allium: 3
-- interview-scheduling.allium

-- Scope: Interview scheduling flow only
-- Includes: Candidacy, Interview, InterviewSlot, Invitation, Feedback
-- Excludes:
--   - User authentication (use auth library spec)
--   - Analytics/reporting (separate spec)
--   - Legacy V1 API (deprecated, not specified)
--   - Greenhouse sync (use greenhouse library spec)

The version marker (-- allium: N) must be the first line of every .allium file. Use the current language version number.

Finding the right level of abstraction

Distillation and elicitation share the same fundamental challenge: choosing what to include. The tests below work in both directions, whether you are hearing a stakeholder describe a feature or reading code that implements it.

The "Why" test

For every detail in the code, ask: "Why does the stakeholder care about this?"

Code detail	Why?	Include?
Invitation expires in 7 days	Affects candidate experience	Yes
Token is 32 bytes URL-safe	Security implementation	No
Sessions stored in Redis	Performance choice	No
Uses PostgreSQL JSONB	Database implementation	No
Slot status changes to 'proposed'	Affects what candidate sees	Yes
Email sent when invitation accepted	Communication requirement	Yes

If you cannot articulate why a stakeholder would care, it is probably implementation.

The "Could it be different?" test

Ask: "Could this be implemented differently while still being the same system?"

• If yes: probably implementation detail, abstract it away
• If no: probably domain-level, include it

Detail	Could be different?	Include?
secrets.token_urlsafe(32)	Yes, any secure token generation	No
7-day invitation expiry	No, this is the design decision	Yes
PostgreSQL database	Yes, any database	No
"Pending, Confirmed, Completed" states	No, this is the workflow	Yes

The "Template vs Instance" test

Is this a category of thing, or a specific instance?

Instance (often implementation)	Template (often domain-level)
Google OAuth	Authentication provider
Slack webhook	Notification channel
SendGrid API	Email delivery
timedelta(hours=3)	Confirmation deadline

Sometimes the instance IS the domain concern. See "The concrete detail problem" below.

The distillation mindset

Code is over-specified

Every line of code makes decisions that might not matter at the domain level:

# Code tells you:
def send_invitation(candidate_id: int, slot_ids: List[int]) -> Invitation:
    candidate = db.session.query(Candidate).get(candidate_id)
    slots = db.session.query(InterviewSlot).filter(
        InterviewSlot.id.in_(slot_ids),
        InterviewSlot.status == 'confirmed'
    ).all()

    invitation = Invitation(
        candidate_id=candidate_id,
        token=secrets.token_urlsafe(32),
        expires_at=datetime.utcnow() + timedelta(days=7),
        status='pending'
    )
    db.session.add(invitation)

    for slot in slots:
        slot.status = 'proposed'
        invitation.slots.append(slot)

    db.session.commit()

    send_email(
        to=candidate.email,
        template='interview_invitation',
        context={'invitation': invitation, 'slots': slots}
    )

    return invitation

-- Specification should say:
rule SendInvitation {
    when: SendInvitation(candidacy, slots)

    requires: slots.all(s => s.status = confirmed)

    ensures:
        for s in slots:
            s.status = proposed
    ensures: Invitation.created(
        candidacy: candidacy,
        slots: slots,
        expires_at: now + 7.days,
        status: pending
    )
    ensures: Email.created(
        to: candidacy.candidate.email,
        template: interview_invitation
    )
}

What we dropped:

• candidate_id: int became just candidacy
• db.session.query(...) became relationship traversal
• secrets.token_urlsafe(32) removed entirely (token is implementation)
• datetime.utcnow() + timedelta(...) became now + 7.days
• db.session.add/commit implied by created
• invitation.slots.append(slot) implied by relationship

Ask "Would a product owner care?"

For every detail in the code, ask:

Code detail	Product owner cares?	Include?
Invitation expires in 7 days	Yes, affects candidate experience	Yes
Token is 32 bytes URL-safe	No, security implementation	No
Uses SQLAlchemy ORM	No, persistence mechanism	No
Email template name	Maybe, if templates are design decisions	Maybe
Slot status changes to 'proposed'	Yes, affects what candidate sees	Yes
Database transaction commits	No, implementation detail	No

Distinguish means from ends

Means: how the code achieves something. Ends: what outcome the system needs.

Means (code)	Ends (spec)
requests.post('https://slack.com/api/...')	Notification.created(channel: slack)
candidate.oauth_token = google.exchange(code)	Candidate authenticated
redis.setex(f'session:{id}', 86400, data)	Session.created(expires: 24.hours)
for slot in slots: slot.status = 'cancelled'	for s in slots: s.status = cancelled

The concrete detail problem

The hardest judgement call: when is a concrete detail part of the domain vs just implementation?

Google OAuth example

You find this code:

OAUTH_PROVIDERS = {
    'google': GoogleOAuthProvider(client_id=..., client_secret=...),
}

def authenticate(provider: str, code: str) -> User:
    return OAUTH_PROVIDERS[provider].authenticate(code)

Question: Is "Google OAuth" domain-level or implementation?

It is implementation if:

• Google is just the auth mechanism chosen
• It could be replaced with any OAuth provider
• Users do not see or care which provider
• The code is written generically (provider is a parameter)

It is domain-level if:

• Users explicitly choose Google (vs Microsoft, etc.)
• "Sign in with Google" is a feature
• Google-specific scopes or permissions are used
• Multiple providers are supported as a feature

How to tell: Look at the UI and user flows. If users see "Sign in with Google" as a choice, it is domain-level. If they just see "Sign in" and Google happens to be behind it, it is implementation.

Database choice example

You find PostgreSQL-specific code:

from sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql import JSONB, ARRAY

class Candidate(Base):
    skills = Column(ARRAY(String))
    metadata = Column(JSONB)

Almost always implementation. The spec should say:

entity Candidate {
    skills: Set<String>
    metadata: String?              -- or model specific fields
}

The specific database is rarely domain-level. Exception: if the system explicitly promises PostgreSQL compatibility or specific PostgreSQL features to users.

Third-party integration example

You find Greenhouse ATS integration:

class GreenhouseSync:
    def import_candidate(self, greenhouse_id: str) -> Candidate:
        data = self.client.get_candidate(greenhouse_id)
        return Candidate(
            name=data['name'],
            email=data['email'],
            greenhouse_id=greenhouse_id,
            source='greenhouse'
        )

Could be either:

Implementation if:

• Greenhouse is just where candidates happen to come from
• Could be swapped for Lever, Workable, etc.
• The integration is an implementation detail of "candidates are imported"

Spec:

external entity Candidate {
    name: String
    email: String
    source: CandidateSource
}

Product-level if:

• "Greenhouse integration" is a selling point
• Users configure their Greenhouse connection
• Greenhouse-specific features are exposed (like syncing feedback back)

Spec:

external entity Candidate {
    name: String
    email: String
    greenhouse_id: String?  -- explicitly modeled
}

rule SyncFromGreenhouse {
    when: GreenhouseWebhookReceived(candidate_data)
    ensures: Candidate.created(
        ...
        greenhouse_id: candidate_data.id
    )
}

The "Multiple implementations" heuristic

Look for variation in the codebase:

• If there is only one OAuth provider, probably implementation
• If there are multiple OAuth providers, probably domain-level
• If there is only one notification channel, probably implementation
• If there are Slack AND email AND SMS, probably domain-level

The presence of multiple implementations suggests the variation itself is a domain concern.

Distillation process

Step 1: Map the territory

Before extracting any specification, understand the codebase structure:

1. Identify entry points. API routes, CLI commands, message handlers, scheduled jobs.
2. Find the domain models. Usually in models/, entities/, domain/.
3. Locate business logic. Services, use cases, handlers.
4. Note external integrations. What third parties does it talk to?

Create a rough map:

Entry points:
  - API: /api/candidates/*, /api/interviews/*, /api/invitations/*
  - Webhooks: /webhooks/greenhouse, /webhooks/calendar
  - Jobs: send_reminders, expire_invitations, sync_calendars

Models:
  - Candidate, Interview, InterviewSlot, Invitation, Feedback

Services:
  - SchedulingService, NotificationService, CalendarService

Integrations:
  - Google Calendar, Slack, Greenhouse, SendGrid

Step 2: Extract entity states

Look at enum fields and status columns:

class Invitation(Base):
    status = Column(Enum('pending', 'accepted', 'declined', 'expired'))

Becomes:

entity Invitation {
    status: pending | accepted | declined | expired
}

Look for enum definitions, status or state columns, constants like STATUS_PENDING = 'pending', and state machine libraries (e.g. transitions, django-fsm).

Step 2.5: Identify candidate processes

After extracting entities and their states, scan for state machines that suggest end-to-end processes. Trace where each status value gets set across the codebase (where does status = 'interviewing' happen?). Present candidate processes to the user for validation: "I see an entity with states applied → screening → interviewing → deciding → hired/rejected. Is this a process the system is meant to support?"

Also trace cross-entity data flow. If a rule on entity A requires a field from entity B, follow the chain: where does entity B's field get set, and what triggers that? Present the chain: "The hiring decision requires background_check_status = clear. This gets set by a webhook handler at /api/webhooks/background-check. Does this chain look right?"

Generate transition graphs from the extracted rules. The graph is a derived view of the code. If it has gaps (states with no outbound transitions that aren't terminal), flag them as potential issues.

Step 3: Extract transitions

Find where status changes happen:

def accept_invitation(invitation_id: int, slot_id: int):
    invitation = get_invitation(invitation_id)

    if invitation.status != 'pending':
        raise InvalidStateError()
    if invitation.expires_at < datetime.utcnow():
        raise ExpiredError()

    slot = get_slot(slot_id)
    if slot not in invitation.slots:
        raise InvalidSlotError()

    invitation.status = 'accepted'
    slot.status = 'booked'

    # Release other slots
    for other_slot in invitation.slots:
        if other_slot.id != slot_id:
            other_slot.status = 'available'

    # Create the interview
    interview = Interview(
        candidate_id=invitation.candidate_id,
        slot_id=slot_id,
        status='scheduled'
    )

    notify_interviewers(interview)
    send_confirmation_email(invitation.candidate, interview)

Extract:

rule CandidateAcceptsInvitation {
    when: CandidateAccepts(invitation, slot)

    requires: invitation.status = pending
    requires: invitation.expires_at > now
    requires: slot in invitation.slots

    ensures: invitation.status = accepted
    ensures: slot.status = booked
    ensures:
        for s in invitation.slots:
            if s != slot: s.status = available
    ensures: Interview.created(
        candidacy: invitation.candidacy,
        slot: slot,
        status: scheduled
    )
    ensures: Notification.created(to: slot.interviewers, ...)
    ensures: Email.created(to: invitation.candidate.email, ...)
}

Key extraction patterns:

Code pattern	Spec pattern
if x.status != 'pending': raise	requires: x.status = pending
if x.expires_at < now: raise	requires: x.expires_at > now
if item not in collection: raise	requires: item in collection
x.status = 'accepted'	ensures: x.status = accepted
Model.create(...)	ensures: Model.created(...)
send_email(...)	ensures: Email.created(...)
notify(...)	ensures: Notification.created(...)

Assertions, checks and validations found in code (e.g. assert balance >= 0, class-level validators) may map to expression-bearing invariants rather than rule preconditions. Consider whether they describe a system-wide property or a rule-specific guard.

Step 4: Find temporal triggers

Look for scheduled jobs and time-based logic:

# In celery tasks or cron jobs
@app.task
def expire_invitations():
    expired = Invitation.query.filter(
        Invitation.status == 'pending',
        Invitation.expires_at < datetime.utcnow()
    ).all()

    for invitation in expired:
        invitation.status = 'expired'
        for slot in invitation.slots:
            slot.status = 'available'
        notify_candidate_expired(invitation)

@app.task
def send_reminders():
    upcoming = Interview.query.filter(
        Interview.status == 'scheduled',
        Interview.slot.time.between(
            datetime.utcnow() + timedelta(hours=1),
            datetime.utcnow() + timedelta(hours=2)
        )
    ).all()

    for interview in upcoming:
        send_reminder_notification(interview)

Extract:

rule InvitationExpires {
    when: invitation: Invitation.expires_at <= now
    requires: invitation.status = pending

    ensures: invitation.status = expired
    ensures:
        for s in invitation.slots:
            s.status = available
    ensures: CandidateInformed(candidate: invitation.candidate, about: invitation_expired)
}

rule InterviewReminder {
    when: interview: Interview.slot.time - 1.hour <= now
    requires: interview.status = scheduled

    ensures: Notification.created(to: interview.interviewers, template: reminder)
}

Step 5: Identify external boundaries

Look for third-party API calls, webhook handlers, import/export functions, and data that is read but never written (or vice versa).

These often indicate external entities:

# Candidate data comes from Greenhouse, we don't create it
def import_from_greenhouse(webhook_data):
    candidate = Candidate.query.filter_by(
        greenhouse_id=webhook_data['id']
    ).first()

    if not candidate:
        candidate = Candidate(greenhouse_id=webhook_data['id'])

    candidate.name = webhook_data['name']
    candidate.email = webhook_data['email']

Suggests:

external entity Candidate {
    name: String
    email: String
}

When repeated interface patterns appear across service boundaries (e.g. the same serialisation contract expected by multiple consumers), these suggest contract declarations for reuse rather than duplicated inline obligation blocks.

Step 5.5: Identify actors from auth patterns

After extracting surfaces from API endpoints, identify actors by examining authentication and authorisation patterns. Different auth contexts suggest different actors:

• API key authentication → system actor (external service)
• Role-based access (user.role == 'admin') → distinct actor per role
• Scoped access (user.org_id == resource.org_id) → actor with within scoping
• Unauthenticated endpoints → public-facing actor or system webhook

Ask the user to confirm: "This endpoint requires admin role authentication. Is 'Admin' a distinct actor, or is this the same person as the regular user with elevated permissions?"

Step 6: Abstract away implementation

Now make a pass through your extracted spec and remove implementation details.

Before (too concrete):

entity Invitation {
    candidate_id: Integer
    token: String(32)
    created_at: DateTime
    expires_at: DateTime
    status: pending | accepted | declined | expired
}

After (domain-level):

entity Invitation {
    candidacy: Candidacy
    created_at: Timestamp
    expires_at: Timestamp
    status: pending | accepted | declined | expired

    is_expired: expires_at <= now
}

Changes:

• candidate_id: Integer became candidacy: Candidacy (relationship, not FK)
• token: String(32) removed (implementation)
• DateTime became Timestamp (domain type)
• Added derived is_expired for clarity

Config values that derive from other config values (e.g. extended_timeout = base_timeout * 2) should use qualified references or expression-form defaults in the config block rather than independent literal values.

Step 7: Validate with stakeholders

The extracted spec is a hypothesis. Validate it:

1. Show the spec to the original developers. "Is this what the system does?"
2. Show to stakeholders. "Is this what the system should do?"
3. Look for gaps. Code often has bugs or missing features; the spec might reveal them.

Common findings:

• "Oh, that retry logic was a hack, we should remove it"
• "Actually we wanted X but never built it"
• "These two code paths should be the same but aren't"

Before running further checks, read assessing specs to gauge the distilled spec's maturity. This tells you whether the spec is ready for process-level analysis or still needs structural work.

If the Allium CLI is available, run allium check on the distilled spec to catch structural issues, then allium analyse to identify process-level gaps. Findings from analyse can drive validation questions: "The distilled spec has a rule that requires background_check.status = clear but no surface captures background check results. Is this handled by a part of the codebase we haven't looked at?" Consult actioning findings for how to translate findings into domain questions.

Recognising library spec candidates

During distillation, stay alert for code that implements generic integration patterns rather than application-specific logic. These belong in library specs. See recognising library spec opportunities for the full decision framework (questions to ask, how to handle, common extractions).

Signals in the code

Look for these patterns that suggest a library spec:

Third-party integration modules:

class StripeWebhookHandler:
    def handle_invoice_paid(self, event):
        ...

class GoogleOAuthProvider:
    def exchange_code(self, code):
        ...

Configuration-driven integrations:

OAUTH_CONFIG = {
    'google': {'client_id': ..., 'scopes': ...},
    'microsoft': {'client_id': ..., 'scopes': ...},
}

Generic patterns with specific providers: OAuth flows, payment processing, email delivery, calendar sync, ATS integrations, file storage.

Red flags: integration logic in your spec

If you find yourself writing spec like this, stop and reconsider:

-- TOO DETAILED - this is Stripe's domain, not yours
rule ProcessStripeWebhook {
    when: WebhookReceived(payload, signature)
    requires: verify_stripe_signature(payload, signature)
    let event = parse_stripe_event(payload)
    if event.type = "invoice.paid":
        ...
}

Instead:

-- Application responds to payment events (integration handled elsewhere)
rule PaymentReceived {
    when: stripe/InvoicePaid(invoice)
    ...
}

See patterns.md Pattern 8 for detailed examples of integrating library specs.

Common distillation challenges

Challenge: Duplicate terminology

When you find two terms for the same concept (across specs, within a spec, or between spec and code) treat it as a blocking problem.

-- BAD: Acknowledges duplication without resolving it
-- Order vs Purchase
-- checkout.allium uses "Purchase" - these are equivalent concepts.

This is not a resolution. When different parts of a codebase are built against different specs, both terms end up in the implementation: duplicate models, redundant join tables, foreign keys pointing both ways.

What to do:

• Choose one term. Cross-reference related specs before deciding.
• Update all references. Do not leave the old term in comments or "see also" notes.
• Note the rename in a changelog, not in the spec itself.

Warning signs in code:

• Two models representing the same concept (Order and Purchase)
• Join tables for both (order_items, purchase_items)
• Comments like "equivalent to X" or "same as Y"

The spec you extract must pick one term. Flag the other as technical debt to remove.

Challenge: Implicit state machines

Code often has implicit states that are not modelled:

# No explicit status field, but there's a state machine hiding here
class FeedbackRequest:
    interview_id = Column(Integer)
    interviewer_id = Column(Integer)
    requested_at = Column(DateTime)
    reminded_at = Column(DateTime, nullable=True)
    feedback_id = Column(Integer, nullable=True)  # FK to Feedback if submitted

The implicit states are:

• pending: requested_at set, feedback_id null, reminded_at null
• reminded: reminded_at set, feedback_id null
• submitted: feedback_id set

Extract to explicit:

entity FeedbackRequest {
    interview: Interview
    interviewer: Interviewer
    requested_at: Timestamp
    reminded_at: Timestamp?
    status: pending | reminded | submitted
}

Challenge: Scattered logic

The same conceptual rule might be spread across multiple places:

# In API handler
def accept_invitation(request):
    if invitation.status != 'pending':
        return error(400, "Already responded")
    ...

# In model
class Invitation:
    def can_accept(self):
        return self.expires_at > datetime.utcnow()

# In service
def process_acceptance(invitation, slot):
    if slot not in invitation.slots:
        raise InvalidSlot()
    ...

Consolidate into one rule:

rule CandidateAccepts {
    when: CandidateAccepts(invitation, slot)

    requires: invitation.status = pending
    requires: invitation.expires_at > now
    requires: slot in invitation.slots
    ...
}

Challenge: Dead code and historical accidents

Codebases accumulate features that were built but never used, workarounds for bugs that are now fixed, and code paths that are never executed.

Do not include these in the spec. If you are unsure:

1. Check if the code is actually reachable
2. Ask developers if it is intentional
3. Check git history for context

Challenge: Missing error handling

Code might silently fail or have incomplete error handling:

def send_notification(user, message):
    try:
        slack.send(user.slack_id, message)
    except SlackError:
        pass  # Silently ignore failures

The spec should capture the intended behaviour, not the bug:

ensures: Notification.created(to: user, channel: slack)

Whether the current implementation properly handles failures is separate from what the system should do.

Challenge: Over-engineered abstractions

Enterprise codebases often have abstraction layers that obscure intent:

public interface NotificationStrategy {
    void notify(NotificationContext context);
}

public class SlackNotificationStrategy implements NotificationStrategy {
    @Override
    public void notify(NotificationContext context) {
        // Actual Slack call buried 5 levels deep
    }
}

Cut through to the actual behaviour. The spec does not need strategy patterns, dependency injection or abstract factories. Just: ensures: Notification.created(channel: slack, ...)

Checklist: Have you abstracted enough?

Before finalising a distilled spec:

• No database column types (Integer, VARCHAR, etc.)
• No ORM or query syntax
• No HTTP status codes or API paths
• No framework-specific concepts (middleware, decorators, etc.)
• No programming language types (int, str, List, etc.)
• No variable names from the code (use domain terms)
• No infrastructure (Redis, Kafka, S3, etc.)
• Foreign keys replaced with relationships
• Tokens/secrets removed (implementation of identity)
• Timestamps use domain Duration, not timedelta/seconds

If any remain, ask: "Would a stakeholder include this in a requirements doc?"

Checklist: Terminology consistency

• Each concept has exactly one name throughout the spec
• No "also known as" or "equivalent to" comments
• Cross-referenced related specs for conflicting terms
• Duplicate models in code flagged as technical debt to remove

After distillation

The extracted spec is a starting point. If distillation reveals gaps that need structured discovery (unclear requirements, complex entity relationships, unstated business rules), use the elicit skill to fill them. For targeted changes as requirements evolve, use the tend skill. For checking ongoing alignment between the spec and implementation, use the weed skill.

References

• Language reference, full Allium syntax
• Assessing specs, how to assess spec maturity and choose the right level of analysis
• Actioning findings, translating checker findings into domain questions
• Worked examples, complete code-to-spec examples in Python, TypeScript and Java