Quick Reference

Pattern	Code	Purpose
Server fetch	await fetch(url)	Cached by default
No cache	{ cache: 'no-store' }	Always fresh
Revalidate	{ next: { revalidate: 60 } }	Time-based refresh
Tags	{ next: { tags: ['posts'] } }	Tag-based invalidation

Config	Value	Effect
dynamic	'force-dynamic'	Always SSR
revalidate	60	ISR every 60s
fetchCache	'force-no-store'	No caching

Client Library	Hook	Use Case
SWR	useSWR(key, fetcher)	Simple client fetching
TanStack Query	useQuery({ queryKey, queryFn })	Complex state/mutations

When to Use This Skill

Use for data loading patterns:

• Fetching data in Server Components
• Setting up parallel data fetching with Promise.all
• Implementing streaming with Suspense boundaries
• Creating API routes with Route Handlers
• Client-side data fetching and mutations

Related skills:

• For caching strategies: see nextjs-caching
• For Server Actions (mutations): see nextjs-server-actions
• For App Router basics: see nextjs-app-router

---

Next.js Data Fetching

Server Components Data Fetching

Basic Data Fetching

// app/posts/page.tsx
async function getPosts() {
  const res = await fetch('https://api.example.com/posts');
  if (!res.ok) throw new Error('Failed to fetch posts');
  return res.json();
}

export default async function PostsPage() {
  const posts = await getPosts();

  return (
    <ul>
      {posts.map((post: Post) => (
        <li key={post.id}>{post.title}</li>
      ))}
    </ul>
  );
}

Direct Database Access

// app/users/page.tsx
import { db } from '@/lib/db';

export default async function UsersPage() {
  // Direct database query - no API needed
  const users = await db.users.findMany({
    orderBy: { createdAt: 'desc' },
    take: 10,
  });

  return (
    <ul>
      {users.map((user) => (
        <li key={user.id}>{user.name}</li>
      ))}
    </ul>
  );
}

Parallel Data Fetching

// app/dashboard/page.tsx
async function getUser() {
  const res = await fetch('https://api.example.com/user');
  return res.json();
}

async function getPosts() {
  const res = await fetch('https://api.example.com/posts');
  return res.json();
}

async function getAnalytics() {
  const res = await fetch('https://api.example.com/analytics');
  return res.json();
}

export default async function DashboardPage() {
  // Fetch all data in parallel
  const [user, posts, analytics] = await Promise.all([
    getUser(),
    getPosts(),
    getAnalytics(),
  ]);

  return (
    <div>
      <UserCard user={user} />
      <PostsList posts={posts} />
      <AnalyticsChart data={analytics} />
    </div>
  );
}

Sequential Data Fetching

// When data depends on previous request
async function getUser(userId: string) {
  const res = await fetch(`https://api.example.com/users/${userId}`);
  return res.json();
}

async function getUserPosts(userId: string) {
  const res = await fetch(`https://api.example.com/users/${userId}/posts`);
  return res.json();
}

export default async function UserPage({ params }: { params: Promise<{ id: string }> }) {
  const { id } = await params;

  // Sequential: user first, then posts
  const user = await getUser(id);
  const posts = await getUserPosts(user.id);

  return (
    <div>
      <h1>{user.name}</h1>
      <PostsList posts={posts} />
    </div>
  );
}

Caching and Revalidation

Caching Behavior

// Cached by default (equivalent to cache: 'force-cache')
const data = await fetch('https://api.example.com/data');

// Opt out of caching
const data = await fetch('https://api.example.com/data', {
  cache: 'no-store',
});

// Time-based revalidation
const data = await fetch('https://api.example.com/data', {
  next: { revalidate: 3600 }, // Revalidate every hour
});

// Tag-based revalidation
const data = await fetch('https://api.example.com/posts', {
  next: { tags: ['posts'] },
});

Route Segment Config

// app/posts/page.tsx
export const dynamic = 'force-dynamic'; // Always dynamic
// or
export const revalidate = 60; // Revalidate every 60 seconds
// or
export const fetchCache = 'force-no-store'; // Don't cache any fetches

Revalidating Data

// app/actions.ts
'use server';

import { revalidatePath, revalidateTag } from 'next/cache';

export async function createPost(formData: FormData) {
  await db.posts.create({
    data: { title: formData.get('title') as string },
  });

  // Revalidate specific path
  revalidatePath('/posts');

  // Or revalidate by tag
  revalidateTag('posts');
}

Streaming with Suspense

Component-Level Streaming

// app/dashboard/page.tsx
import { Suspense } from 'react';

async function SlowComponent() {
  const data = await fetch('https://api.example.com/slow-data');
  return <div>{/* render data */}</div>;
}

async function FastComponent() {
  const data = await fetch('https://api.example.com/fast-data');
  return <div>{/* render data */}</div>;
}

export default function DashboardPage() {
  return (
    <div>
      {/* Fast component renders immediately */}
      <Suspense fallback={<FastSkeleton />}>
        <FastComponent />
      </Suspense>

      {/* Slow component streams in when ready */}
      <Suspense fallback={<SlowSkeleton />}>
        <SlowComponent />
      </Suspense>
    </div>
  );
}

Nested Suspense Boundaries

// app/page.tsx
import { Suspense } from 'react';

export default function Page() {
  return (
    <Suspense fallback={<PageSkeleton />}>
      <Header />
      <Suspense fallback={<SidebarSkeleton />}>
        <Sidebar />
      </Suspense>
      <Suspense fallback={<ContentSkeleton />}>
        <MainContent />
        <Suspense fallback={<CommentsSkeleton />}>
          <Comments />
        </Suspense>
      </Suspense>
    </Suspense>
  );
}

Client-Side Data Fetching

SWR

'use client';

import useSWR from 'swr';

const fetcher = (url: string) => fetch(url).then((res) => res.json());

export function UserProfile({ userId }: { userId: string }) {
  const { data, error, isLoading, mutate } = useSWR(
    `/api/users/${userId}`,
    fetcher
  );

  if (isLoading) return <div>Loading...</div>;
  if (error) return <div>Error loading user</div>;

  return (
    <div>
      <h1>{data.name}</h1>
      <button onClick={() => mutate()}>Refresh</button>
    </div>
  );
}

TanStack Query

// providers/query-provider.tsx
'use client';

import { QueryClient, QueryClientProvider } from '@tanstack/react-query';
import { useState } from 'react';

export function QueryProvider({ children }: { children: React.ReactNode }) {
  const [queryClient] = useState(
    () =>
      new QueryClient({
        defaultOptions: {
          queries: {
            staleTime: 60 * 1000,
          },
        },
      })
  );

  return (
    <QueryClientProvider client={queryClient}>{children}</QueryClientProvider>
  );
}

// components/Posts.tsx
'use client';

import { useQuery, useMutation, useQueryClient } from '@tanstack/react-query';

async function fetchPosts() {
  const res = await fetch('/api/posts');
  return res.json();
}

async function createPost(data: { title: string }) {
  const res = await fetch('/api/posts', {
    method: 'POST',
    body: JSON.stringify(data),
  });
  return res.json();
}

export function Posts() {
  const queryClient = useQueryClient();

  const { data: posts, isLoading } = useQuery({
    queryKey: ['posts'],
    queryFn: fetchPosts,
  });

  const mutation = useMutation({
    mutationFn: createPost,
    onSuccess: () => {
      queryClient.invalidateQueries({ queryKey: ['posts'] });
    },
  });

  if (isLoading) return <div>Loading...</div>;

  return (
    <div>
      <ul>
        {posts?.map((post: Post) => (
          <li key={post.id}>{post.title}</li>
        ))}
      </ul>
      <button onClick={() => mutation.mutate({ title: 'New Post' })}>
        Add Post
      </button>
    </div>
  );
}

Route Handlers (API Routes)

Basic Route Handler

// app/api/posts/route.ts
import { NextResponse } from 'next/server';

export async function GET() {
  const posts = await db.posts.findMany();
  return NextResponse.json(posts);
}

export async function POST(request: Request) {
  const body = await request.json();
  const post = await db.posts.create({ data: body });
  return NextResponse.json(post, { status: 201 });
}

Dynamic Route Handler

// app/api/posts/[id]/route.ts
import { NextResponse } from 'next/server';

interface RouteParams {
  params: Promise<{ id: string }>;
}

export async function GET(request: Request, { params }: RouteParams) {
  const { id } = await params;
  const post = await db.posts.findUnique({ where: { id } });

  if (!post) {
    return NextResponse.json({ error: 'Not found' }, { status: 404 });
  }

  return NextResponse.json(post);
}

export async function PUT(request: Request, { params }: RouteParams) {
  const { id } = await params;
  const body = await request.json();
  const post = await db.posts.update({
    where: { id },
    data: body,
  });
  return NextResponse.json(post);
}

export async function DELETE(request: Request, { params }: RouteParams) {
  const { id } = await params;
  await db.posts.delete({ where: { id } });
  return new NextResponse(null, { status: 204 });
}

Request Helpers

// app/api/search/route.ts
import { NextResponse } from 'next/server';

export async function GET(request: Request) {
  const { searchParams } = new URL(request.url);
  const query = searchParams.get('q');
  const page = parseInt(searchParams.get('page') || '1');

  const results = await search(query, page);

  return NextResponse.json(results);
}

Headers and Cookies

// app/api/auth/route.ts
import { NextResponse } from 'next/server';
import { cookies, headers } from 'next/headers';

export async function GET() {
  const cookieStore = await cookies();
  const token = cookieStore.get('token');

  const headersList = await headers();
  const authorization = headersList.get('authorization');

  // Set cookie in response
  const response = NextResponse.json({ success: true });
  response.cookies.set('session', 'value', {
    httpOnly: true,
    secure: true,
    sameSite: 'strict',
    maxAge: 60 * 60 * 24, // 1 day
  });

  return response;
}

Static Generation

generateStaticParams

// app/posts/[slug]/page.tsx
export async function generateStaticParams() {
  const posts = await db.posts.findMany({ select: { slug: true } });

  return posts.map((post) => ({
    slug: post.slug,
  }));
}

export default async function PostPage({
  params,
}: {
  params: Promise<{ slug: string }>;
}) {
  const { slug } = await params;
  const post = await db.posts.findUnique({ where: { slug } });
  return <article>{post?.content}</article>;
}

Dynamic Params Behavior

// Allow dynamic paths beyond generateStaticParams
export const dynamicParams = true; // default

// 404 for paths not in generateStaticParams
export const dynamicParams = false;

Error Handling

Fetch Error Handling

async function getData() {
  const res = await fetch('https://api.example.com/data');

  if (!res.ok) {
    throw new Error('Failed to fetch data');
  }

  return res.json();
}

export default async function Page() {
  try {
    const data = await getData();
    return <div>{/* render data */}</div>;
  } catch (error) {
    return <div>Error loading data</div>;
  }
}

Using error.tsx

// app/posts/error.tsx
'use client';

export default function Error({
  error,
  reset,
}: {
  error: Error & { digest?: string };
  reset: () => void;
}) {
  return (
    <div>
      <h2>Error loading posts</h2>
      <p>{error.message}</p>
      <button onClick={() => reset()}>Try again</button>
    </div>
  );
}

Best Practices

Practice	Description
Fetch in Server Components	Avoid client-side fetching when possible
Use parallel fetching	Promise.all for independent data
Implement streaming	Suspense for progressive loading
Cache appropriately	Use revalidate or tags for fresh data
Handle errors	Use error.tsx boundaries
Type your data	Use TypeScript for API responses