ffmpeg-fundamentals-2025

CRITICAL GUIDELINES

Windows File Path Requirements

MANDATORY: Always Use Backslashes on Windows for File Paths

When using Edit or Write tools on Windows, you MUST use backslashes (\) in file paths, NOT forward slashes (/).

Documentation Guidelines

NEVER create new documentation files unless explicitly requested by the user.

---

Quick Reference

Task	Command Pattern
Convert format	ffmpeg -i input.ext output.ext
Set quality (CRF)	-c:v libx264 -crf 23
Scale video	-vf "scale=1920:1080"
Trim video	-ss 00:00:10 -t 00:00:30
Extract audio	-vn -c:a aac output.m4a
Probe file	ffprobe -v error -show_format -show_streams file

When to Use This Skill

Use for foundational FFmpeg operations:

• First-time FFmpeg users needing syntax help
• Basic transcoding between formats (MP4, WebM, MKV, MOV)
• Understanding codec options and quality settings
• Simple filter operations (scale, crop, rotate)
• File analysis with ffprobe

For specialized topics: hardware encoding → ffmpeg-hardware-acceleration, streaming → ffmpeg-streaming, Docker → ffmpeg-docker-containers

Progressive Disclosure References

For detailed documentation on FFmpeg 8.0 features, see the references/ directory:

• references/vvc-h266-encoding.md - Complete VVC/H.266 encoding guide with libvvenc
• references/whisper-transcription.md - Whisper AI filter for speech-to-text and subtitles
• references/vulkan-compute-codecs.md - Vulkan compute-based codecs (FFv1, AV1, VP9, ProRes RAW)

For advanced topics, see related skills:

• ffmpeg-filter-complex-patterns - Multi-input compositions, transitions, audio mixing, GPU filtergraphs
• ffmpeg-hardware-acceleration - GPU encoding/decoding, CUDA filters, multi-GPU setups

---

FFmpeg Fundamentals (2025)

Complete guide to FFmpeg core concepts, syntax, and essential operations with FFmpeg 7.1 LTS and 8.0.1 (latest stable).

FFmpeg Version Overview

IMPORTANT: Always verify you are using the latest FFmpeg version for security and bug fixes.

Checking Your Version

# Check installed version
ffmpeg -version

# Check build configuration
ffmpeg -buildconf

Official Sources for Latest Version

• Official Download Page: https://ffmpeg.org/download.html
• Official Git Repository: https://git.ffmpeg.org/gitweb/ffmpeg.git
• GitHub Releases: https://github.com/FFmpeg/FFmpeg/releases

FFmpeg 8.0.1 (Released 2025-11-20) - Current Latest Stable

The latest stable release from the 8.0 "Huffman" branch (originally cut from master on 2025-08-09). This patch release contains important bug fixes and security updates.

FFmpeg 8.0 is one of the largest releases to date, named after the Huffman code algorithm invented in 1952.

AI and Transcription:

• Whisper AI Filter: Built-in speech recognition via whisper.cpp for live subtitle generation and transcription
• Supports 99 languages with automatic language detection
• Outputs to SRT, JSON, or plain text formats
• Voice Activity Detection (VAD) support with Silero VAD

Vulkan Compute Codecs (Cross-Platform GPU):

• FFv1 Vulkan: Encode and decode via Vulkan 1.3 compute shaders
• ProRes RAW Vulkan: Hardware-accelerated decode
• AV1 Vulkan Encoder: GPU-accelerated AV1 encoding
• VP9 Vulkan Decoder: Hardware-accelerated VP9 decode
• Works on any Vulkan 1.3 implementation (AMD, Intel, NVIDIA)

New Codecs:

• APV Codec: Samsung Advanced Professional Video encoder (via libopenapv) and native decoder
• ProRes RAW Decoder: Native Apple ProRes RAW decode
• RealVideo 6.0 Decoder: Native RV6 decode support
• G.728 Decoder: Low-delay CELP audio codec
• Sanyo LD-ADPCM Decoder: Sanyo audio format
• ADPCM IMA Xbox Decoder: Xbox audio format
• libx265 Alpha Layer Encoding: HEVC with alpha channel

Hardware Acceleration:

• VVC VA-API Decoding: H.266/VVC hardware decode on Intel/AMD Linux
• VVC QSV Decoding: Intel Quick Sync VVC hardware decode
• OpenHarmony Support: H.264/H.265 encode/decode for HarmonyOS platform

New Features:

• WHIP Muxer: Sub-second latency WebRTC ingestion
• Animated JPEG XL Encoding: Via libjxl library
• FLV v2 Support: Multitrack audio/video and modern codecs
• VVC in Matroska: H.266/VVC support in MKV container
• VVC SCC Support: Screen Content Coding with IBC, Palette Mode, ACT
• TLS Verification: Enabled by default for HTTPS connections

New Filters:

• whisper: AI speech recognition filter
• colordetect: Detect JPEG/MPEG range and alpha channel properties
• pad_cuda: GPU-accelerated padding filter
• scale_d3d11: Direct3D 11 hardware scaling filter

Breaking Changes:

• Dropped: OpenSSL 1.1.0 support (requires 1.1.1+)
• Dropped: yasm assembler support (use nasm instead)
• Deprecated: OpenMAX encoders
• Changed: Default PNG prediction method set to PAETH
• Changed: GCC autovectorization no longer disabled on x86/ARM/AArch64

Infrastructure:

• New Forgejo-based code hosting at code.ffmpeg.org
• Modernized mailing list infrastructure

FFmpeg 7.1 "Péter" LTS (September 2024)

• VVC Decoder Stable: Full native H.266/VVC decoder (production-ready)
• MV-HEVC Decoder: 3D HEVC for Apple Vision Pro / iPhone spatial video
• LC-EVC Decoder: MPEG-5 Part 2 enhancement layer
• xHE-AAC Decoder: Extended High Efficiency AAC
• Vulkan H.264/H.265 Encoders: GPU encoding via Vulkan Video
• Native Intel QSV VVC Decoder: Hardware-accelerated VVC
• AVX2 VVC Optimizations: Faster software VVC decoding
• Full-Range Color Fixes: Correct color range handling throughout pipeline

Basic Command Syntax

ffmpeg [global_options] {[input_options] -i input} ... {[output_options] output} ...

Essential Options

# Basic transcode
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 output.mkv

# Specify codecs
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -c:v libx264 -c:a aac output.mp4

# Copy streams without re-encoding (remux)
ffmpeg -i input.mkv -c copy output.mp4

# Set quality (CRF mode)
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -c:v libx264 -crf 23 output.mp4

# Set bitrate
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -c:v libx264 -b:v 5M output.mp4

# Overwrite output without asking
ffmpeg -y -i input.mp4 output.mp4

# Show progress/stats
ffmpeg -progress - -i input.mp4 output.mp4

Codec Reference (2025)

Video Codecs

Codec	Encoder	Use Case	Quality	Speed
H.264/AVC	libx264	Universal compatibility	Excellent	Medium
H.265/HEVC	libx265	4K, HDR, storage efficiency	Excellent	Slow
H.266/VVC	libvvenc	Next-gen, 8K	Best	Very Slow
AV1	libsvtav1, libaom-av1	Web streaming, royalty-free	Excellent	Slow-Medium
VP9	libvpx-vp9	WebM, YouTube	Very Good	Slow
ProRes	prores_ks	Professional editing	Lossless	Fast

Hardware Encoders

Platform	H.264	H.265	AV1	VVC	FFv1
NVIDIA	h264_nvenc	hevc_nvenc	av1_nvenc	-	-
Intel	h264_qsv	hevc_qsv	av1_qsv	-	-
AMD	h264_amf	hevc_amf	av1_amf	-	-
Apple	h264_videotoolbox	hevc_videotoolbox	-	-	-
Vulkan	h264_vulkan	hevc_vulkan	av1_vulkan (8.0+)	-	ffv1_vulkan (8.0+)

Hardware Decoders (FFmpeg 8.0+)

Platform	VVC/H.266	VP9	ProRes RAW
VAAPI	vvc (8.0+)	Yes	-
QSV	vvc_qsv (7.1+)	Yes	-
Vulkan	-	vp9 (8.0+)	Yes (8.0+)

Audio Codecs

Codec	Encoder	Use Case	Bitrate Range
AAC	aac, libfdk_aac	Universal, streaming	96-320 kbps
MP3	libmp3lame	Legacy compatibility	128-320 kbps
Opus	libopus	VoIP, streaming, WebM	32-256 kbps
FLAC	flac	Lossless archival	~900 kbps
AC3	ac3	DVD, Blu-ray	384-640 kbps
EAC3	eac3	Streaming, Dolby Digital+	192-768 kbps

Common Operations

Format Conversion

# MP4 to WebM
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -c:v libvpx-vp9 -crf 30 -b:v 0 -c:a libopus output.webm

# MKV to MP4 (no re-encoding)
ffmpeg -i input.mkv -c copy output.mp4

# AVI to MP4 with H.265
ffmpeg -i input.avi -c:v libx265 -crf 28 -c:a aac output.mp4

# GIF to MP4
ffmpeg -i input.gif -movflags +faststart -pix_fmt yuv420p output.mp4

# MP4 to GIF (optimized)
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -vf "fps=15,scale=480:-1:flags=lanczos,split[s0][s1];[s0]palettegen[p];[s1][p]paletteuse" output.gif

Resolution & Scaling

# Scale to 1080p (maintain aspect ratio)
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -vf "scale=1920:-2" output.mp4

# Scale to 720p
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -vf "scale=-2:720" output.mp4

# Scale to fit within bounds
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -vf "scale='min(1920,iw)':'min(1080,ih)':force_original_aspect_ratio=decrease" output.mp4

# Scale with padding (letterbox)
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -vf "scale=1920:1080:force_original_aspect_ratio=decrease,pad=1920:1080:(ow-iw)/2:(oh-ih)/2" output.mp4

Trimming & Splitting

# Extract segment (fast seek)
ffmpeg -ss 00:01:00 -i input.mp4 -t 00:00:30 -c copy output.mp4

# Extract from timestamp to end
ffmpeg -ss 00:05:00 -i input.mp4 -c copy output.mp4

# Extract first 10 seconds
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -t 10 -c copy output.mp4

# Split into segments
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -c copy -map 0 -segment_time 60 -f segment output_%03d.mp4

# Accurate trim (re-encode)
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -ss 00:01:00 -t 00:00:30 -c:v libx264 -c:a aac output.mp4

Concatenation

# Create file list
echo "file 'part1.mp4'" > list.txt
echo "file 'part2.mp4'" >> list.txt
echo "file 'part3.mp4'" >> list.txt

# Concatenate (same codecs)
ffmpeg -f concat -safe 0 -i list.txt -c copy output.mp4

# Concatenate with re-encoding
ffmpeg -f concat -safe 0 -i list.txt -c:v libx264 -c:a aac output.mp4

Audio Operations

# Extract audio
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -vn -c:a copy output.aac
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -vn -c:a libmp3lame -b:a 320k output.mp3

# Replace audio
ffmpeg -i video.mp4 -i audio.mp3 -c:v copy -c:a aac -map 0:v:0 -map 1:a:0 output.mp4

# Add audio to video
ffmpeg -i video.mp4 -i audio.mp3 -c:v copy -c:a aac -shortest output.mp4

# Remove audio
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -an -c:v copy output.mp4

# Adjust volume
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -af "volume=1.5" output.mp4
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -af "volume=6dB" output.mp4

# Normalize audio (EBU R128)
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -af loudnorm=I=-16:TP=-1.5:LRA=11 output.mp4

Subtitles

# Burn subtitles (hardcode)
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -vf "subtitles=subs.srt" output.mp4

# Add subtitle track
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -i subs.srt -c copy -c:s mov_text output.mp4

# Extract subtitles
ffmpeg -i input.mkv -map 0:s:0 output.srt

Whisper AI Transcription (FFmpeg 8.0+)

# Generate SRT subtitles from video using Whisper
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -vn \
  -af "whisper=model=ggml-base.bin:language=auto:queue=3:destination=output.srt:format=srt" \
  -f null -

# Live transcription from microphone
ffmpeg -loglevel warning -f pulse -i default \
  -af "highpass=f=200,lowpass=f=3000,whisper=model=ggml-medium-q5_0.bin:language=en:queue=10:destination=-:format=json:vad_model=for-tests-silero-v5.1.2-ggml.bin" \
  -f null -

# Display live subtitles on video (reads from frame metadata)
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 \
  -af "whisper=model=ggml-base.en.bin:language=en" \
  -vf "drawtext=text='%{metadata\:lavfi.whisper.text}':fontsize=24:fontcolor=white:x=10:y=h-th-10" \
  output_with_subtitles.mp4

Whisper Model Sizes:

Model	Size	Speed	Quality	VRAM
tiny	39 MB	Fastest	Basic	~1 GB
base	74 MB	Fast	Good	~1 GB
small	244 MB	Medium	Better	~2 GB
medium	769 MB	Slow	High	~5 GB
large	1.55 GB	Slowest	Best	~10 GB

Whisper Filter Parameters:

• model: Path to GGML model file
• language: Language code or "auto" for detection
• format: Output format - "text", "srt", or "json"
• destination: Output file path (or "-" for stdout)
• queue: Buffer size (increase for VAD, e.g., 20)
• vad_model: Path to Silero VAD model for voice detection
• use_gpu: Set to "false" to disable GPU acceleration

Image Operations

# Video to images
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -vf "fps=1" frame_%04d.png

# Images to video
ffmpeg -framerate 30 -i frame_%04d.png -c:v libx264 -pix_fmt yuv420p output.mp4

# Extract single frame
ffmpeg -ss 00:00:10 -i input.mp4 -vframes 1 thumbnail.jpg

# Create video from single image
ffmpeg -loop 1 -i image.jpg -c:v libx264 -t 10 -pix_fmt yuv420p output.mp4

Filter Essentials

Video Filters (-vf)

# Chain multiple filters
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -vf "scale=1280:720,fps=30,format=yuv420p" output.mp4

# Crop
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -vf "crop=640:480:100:50" output.mp4

# Rotate
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -vf "transpose=1" output.mp4  # 90° clockwise
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -vf "transpose=2" output.mp4  # 90° counter-clockwise
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -vf "hflip" output.mp4        # Horizontal flip
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -vf "vflip" output.mp4        # Vertical flip

# Overlay/Watermark
ffmpeg -i video.mp4 -i logo.png -filter_complex "overlay=10:10" output.mp4
ffmpeg -i video.mp4 -i logo.png -filter_complex "overlay=W-w-10:H-h-10" output.mp4

# Text overlay
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -vf "drawtext=text='Hello World':x=10:y=10:fontsize=24:fontcolor=white" output.mp4

# Fade in/out
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -vf "fade=t=in:st=0:d=1,fade=t=out:st=9:d=1" output.mp4

# Speed up/slow down
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -vf "setpts=0.5*PTS" -af "atempo=2.0" output.mp4  # 2x speed
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -vf "setpts=2.0*PTS" -af "atempo=0.5" output.mp4  # 0.5x speed

# Deinterlace
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -vf "yadif" output.mp4

# Denoise
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -vf "nlmeans" output.mp4
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -vf "hqdn3d" output.mp4

# Sharpen
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -vf "unsharp=5:5:1.0:5:5:0.0" output.mp4

# Color correction
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -vf "eq=brightness=0.1:contrast=1.2:saturation=1.3" output.mp4

Audio Filters (-af)

# Multiple audio filters
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -af "volume=1.5,highpass=f=200,lowpass=f=3000" output.mp4

# Noise reduction
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -af "afftdn=nf=-25" output.mp4

# Compressor/limiter
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -af "acompressor=threshold=-20dB:ratio=4:attack=5:release=50" output.mp4

# Equalizer
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -af "equalizer=f=1000:width_type=h:width=200:g=-10" output.mp4

# Fade audio
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -af "afade=t=in:ss=0:d=3,afade=t=out:st=57:d=3" output.mp4

# Channel remix (stereo to mono)
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -af "pan=mono|c0=0.5*c0+0.5*c1" output.mp4

Complex Filtergraphs

# Picture-in-picture
ffmpeg -i main.mp4 -i pip.mp4 -filter_complex "[1:v]scale=320:240[pip];[0:v][pip]overlay=W-w-10:H-h-10" output.mp4

# Side by side
ffmpeg -i left.mp4 -i right.mp4 -filter_complex "[0:v]pad=iw*2:ih[bg];[bg][1:v]overlay=W/2:0" output.mp4

# Grid layout (2x2)
ffmpeg -i 1.mp4 -i 2.mp4 -i 3.mp4 -i 4.mp4 -filter_complex \
  "[0:v]scale=640:360[v0];[1:v]scale=640:360[v1];[2:v]scale=640:360[v2];[3:v]scale=640:360[v3];\
   [v0][v1]hstack[top];[v2][v3]hstack[bottom];[top][bottom]vstack" output.mp4

filter_complex Quick Reference

Syntax Components:

Component	Description	Example
[0:v]	First input video	[0:v]scale=1280:720
[1:a]	Second input audio	[0:a][1:a]amix
[label]	Custom named label	[scaled], [mixed]
,	Chain filters	scale,fps,format
;	Separate chains	chain1;chain2
-map "[label]"	Output specific label	-map "[out]"

Common Patterns:

# Video transition (xfade)
ffmpeg -i a.mp4 -i b.mp4 -filter_complex \
  "[0:v][1:v]xfade=transition=fade:duration=1:offset=4[v]" \
  -map "[v]" output.mp4

# Audio mixing
ffmpeg -i video.mp4 -i music.mp3 -filter_complex \
  "[0:a]volume=1.0[v0];[1:a]volume=0.3[v1];[v0][v1]amix=inputs=2[a]" \
  -map 0:v -map "[a]" output.mp4

# Multi-output (ABR ladder)
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -filter_complex \
  "[0:v]split=2[v1][v2];[v1]scale=1920:1080[hd];[v2]scale=1280:720[sd]" \
  -map "[hd]" hd.mp4 -map "[sd]" sd.mp4

For comprehensive filter_complex patterns: See ffmpeg-filter-complex-patterns skill for PiP, grids, transitions, audio mixing, and GPU-accelerated filtergraphs.

Frame Manipulation

Frame Rate Conversion

# Change frame rate (drop/duplicate frames)
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -vf "fps=30" output.mp4
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -vf "fps=24000/1001" output.mp4  # 23.976 fps

# Motion-interpolated frame rate conversion (smoother)
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -vf "framerate=fps=60" output.mp4

# High-quality motion interpolation (minterpolate)
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -vf "minterpolate=fps=60:mi_mode=mci:mc_mode=aobmc:me_mode=bidir:vsbmc=1" output.mp4

# Simple motion interpolation (faster)
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -vf "minterpolate=fps=60:mi_mode=blend" output.mp4

minterpolate Modes:

mi_mode	Description	Speed	Quality
dup	Duplicate frames	Fastest	Lowest
blend	Blend adjacent frames	Fast	Medium
mci	Motion-compensated interpolation	Slow	Best

Timestamp Manipulation (setpts)

# Speed up 2x (halve timestamps)
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -vf "setpts=0.5*PTS" output.mp4

# Slow down 2x (double timestamps)
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -vf "setpts=2.0*PTS" output.mp4

# Start from timestamp 0 (reset PTS)
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -vf "setpts=PTS-STARTPTS" output.mp4

# Time-lapse: keep every 10th frame, at 30fps output
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -vf "select='not(mod(n,10))',setpts=N/30/TB" output.mp4

# Variable speed (accelerate over time)
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -vf "setpts='PTS/(1+0.001*N)'" output.mp4

setpts Variables:

Variable	Description
PTS	Input presentation timestamp
N	Frame count (starting at 0)
PREV_PTS	Previous frame timestamp
TB	Timebase
STARTPTS	First frame timestamp
RTCSTART	Real-time clock start

Frame Selection (select)

# Select every 5th frame
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -vf "select='not(mod(n,5))',setpts=N/FRAME_RATE/TB" output.mp4

# Select I-frames only (keyframes)
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -vf "select='eq(pict_type,I)',setpts=N/FRAME_RATE/TB" keyframes.mp4

# Select frames with scene change
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -vf "select='gt(scene,0.4)',setpts=N/FRAME_RATE/TB" scenes.mp4

# Select frames based on time range
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -vf "select='between(t,5,10)',setpts=N/FRAME_RATE/TB" output.mp4

# Select frames by expression (dark frames)
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -vf "select='lt(avg(scene),0.1)'" output.mp4

select Expressions:

Expression	Description
n	Frame number
t	Timestamp (seconds)
pict_type	Picture type (I, P, B)
scene	Scene change score
key	1 for keyframes
interlace_type	Interlace type

Thumbnail Generation

# Generate thumbnail from best frame
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -vf "thumbnail" -frames:v 1 thumbnail.jpg

# Thumbnail with custom frames to analyze
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -vf "thumbnail=n=100" -frames:v 1 thumbnail.jpg

# Generate multiple thumbnails (every 10 seconds)
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -vf "fps=1/10,thumbnail=n=1" thumb_%04d.jpg

# Thumbnail at specific time
ffmpeg -ss 00:00:30 -i input.mp4 -vframes 1 thumbnail.jpg

Tile / Contact Sheet

# Create 4x4 tile mosaic
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -vf "fps=1/5,scale=320:180,tile=4x4" -frames:v 1 contact_sheet.jpg

# Create tile with padding
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -vf "fps=1/10,scale=256:144,tile=5x4:margin=5:padding=5" contact.png

# Video tile mosaic (animated)
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -vf "scale=320:180,tile=2x2" tiled.mp4

tile Parameters:

Parameter	Description	Example
layout	Grid dimensions	4x4
margin	Outer margin	10
padding	Inter-tile padding	5
color	Background color	black

Frame Freezing

# Freeze first frame for 3 seconds, then play
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -vf "tpad=start_mode=clone:start_duration=3" output.mp4

# Freeze last frame for 3 seconds
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -vf "tpad=stop_mode=clone:stop_duration=3" output.mp4

# Add black frames at start
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -vf "tpad=start=90:color=black" output.mp4

# Freeze specific frame range (frames 100-150)
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -vf "freezeframes=first=100:last=150:replace=100" output.mp4

Loop and Reverse

# Loop video 3 times
ffmpeg -stream_loop 3 -i input.mp4 -c copy output.mp4

# Loop filter (within filter graph)
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -vf "loop=loop=3:size=30:start=0" output.mp4

# Reverse video
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -vf "reverse" reversed.mp4

# Reverse audio too
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -vf "reverse" -af "areverse" reversed.mp4

# Boomerang effect (forward then reverse)
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -filter_complex "[0:v]split[v1][v2];[v2]reverse[r];[v1][r]concat=n=2:v=1:a=0" boomerang.mp4

Frame Extraction Patterns

# Extract all frames
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 frames/frame_%05d.png

# Extract at specific FPS
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -vf "fps=1" frames/frame_%04d.jpg

# Extract keyframes only
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -vf "select='eq(pict_type,I)'" -vsync vfr keyframe_%04d.png

# Extract frames with timestamp filename
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -vf "fps=1" -frame_pts 1 "frame_%d.jpg"

Probing & Analysis

# Get media info
ffprobe -v quiet -print_format json -show_format -show_streams input.mp4

# Get duration
ffprobe -v error -show_entries format=duration -of default=noprint_wrappers=1:nokey=1 input.mp4

# Get resolution
ffprobe -v error -select_streams v:0 -show_entries stream=width,height -of csv=p=0 input.mp4

# Get codec
ffprobe -v error -select_streams v:0 -show_entries stream=codec_name -of default=noprint_wrappers=1:nokey=1 input.mp4

# Check if file is valid
ffprobe -v error input.mp4 && echo "Valid" || echo "Invalid"

Output Optimization

Web Delivery

# MP4 for web (faststart)
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -c:v libx264 -crf 23 -preset medium -c:a aac -b:a 128k -movflags +faststart output.mp4

# WebM for web
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -c:v libvpx-vp9 -crf 30 -b:v 0 -c:a libopus -b:a 128k output.webm

iOS/Apple Compatibility

# H.265 with hvc1 tag (required for Apple)
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -c:v libx265 -vtag hvc1 -c:a aac output.mp4

# Baseline profile for older iOS
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -c:v libx264 -profile:v baseline -level 3.0 -c:a aac output.mp4

Android Compatibility

# Widely compatible H.264
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -c:v libx264 -profile:v main -level 4.0 -c:a aac output.mp4

Best Practices

Performance

1. Use -threads 0 to auto-detect optimal thread count
2. Place -ss before -i for fast seeking (may be less accurate)
3. Use -c copy when possible to avoid re-encoding
4. Use hardware acceleration when available

Quality

1. Prefer CRF over bitrate for single-pass encoding
2. Use -preset slow or slower for better compression
3. Use -tune options (film, animation, grain) when appropriate
4. Maintain pixel format: -pix_fmt yuv420p for compatibility

Compatibility

1. Use -movflags +faststart for web MP4 files
2. Use -vtag hvc1 for HEVC on Apple devices
3. Test on target devices before mass conversion
4. Consider fallback formats for older browsers

Error Prevention

1. Always test commands on a sample file first
2. Use -report for detailed logging
3. Check output file size and duration
4. Verify audio/video sync on converted files

Quick Reference

Get FFmpeg Capabilities

ffmpeg -encoders          # List all encoders
ffmpeg -decoders          # List all decoders
ffmpeg -formats           # List all formats
ffmpeg -filters           # List all filters
ffmpeg -hwaccels          # List hardware acceleration methods
ffmpeg -h encoder=libx264 # Get encoder options

Common Exit Codes

• 0: Success
• 1: Error (check stderr for details)
• 255: Interrupted (Ctrl+C)

Staying Up-to-Date

Why Version Matters

• Security fixes: Patch releases address vulnerabilities
• Bug fixes: Issues with specific codecs or filters get resolved
• New features: Major versions add codec support and filters
• Performance: Optimizations improve encoding speed

Recommended Update Strategy

1. Production: Use LTS releases (7.1) for stability, apply patch updates
2. Development: Use latest stable (8.0.1) for new features
3. Always: Check release notes before upgrading

Official Resources

• Release Notes: https://ffmpeg.org/download.html
• Security Advisories: https://ffmpeg.org/security.html
• Mailing Lists: https://ffmpeg.org/contact.html

This guide covers FFmpeg fundamentals for 2025. For hardware acceleration, streaming, containers, and advanced topics, see the specialized skill documents.