Vercel Webhooks & Events

Overview

Securely handle Vercel webhooks with signature validation and replay protection.

Prerequisites

• Vercel webhook secret configured
• HTTPS endpoint accessible from internet
• Understanding of cryptographic signatures
• Redis or database for idempotency (optional)

Webhook Endpoint Setup

Express.js

import express from 'express';
import crypto from 'crypto';

const app = express();

// IMPORTANT: Raw body needed for signature verification
app.post('/webhooks/vercel',
  express.raw({ type: 'application/json' }),
  async (req, res) => {
    const signature = req.headers['x-vercel-signature'] as string;
    const timestamp = req.headers['x-vercel-timestamp'] as string;

    if (!verifyVercelSignature(req.body, signature, timestamp)) {
      return res.status(401).json({ error: 'Invalid signature' });
    }

    const event = JSON.parse(req.body.toString());
    await handleVercelEvent(event);

    res.status(200).json({ received: true });
  }
);

Signature Verification

function verifyVercelSignature(
  payload: Buffer,
  signature: string,
  timestamp: string
): boolean {
  const secret = process.env.VERCEL_WEBHOOK_SECRET!;

  // Reject old timestamps (replay attack protection)
  const timestampAge = Date.now() - parseInt(timestamp) * 1000;
  if (timestampAge > 300000) { // 5 minutes
    console.error('Webhook timestamp too old');
    return false;
  }

  // Compute expected signature
  const signedPayload = `${timestamp}.${payload.toString()}`;
  const expectedSignature = crypto
    .createHmac('sha256', secret)
    .update(signedPayload)
    .digest('hex');

  // Timing-safe comparison
  return crypto.timingSafeEqual(
    Buffer.from(signature),
    Buffer.from(expectedSignature)
  );
}

Event Handler Pattern

type VercelEventType = 'resource.created' | 'resource.updated' | 'resource.deleted';

interface VercelEvent {
  id: string;
  type: VercelEventType;
  data: Record<string, any>;
  created: string;
}

const eventHandlers: Record<VercelEventType, (data: any) => Promise<void>> = {
  'resource.created': async (data) => { /* handle */ },
  'resource.updated': async (data) => { /* handle */ },
  'resource.deleted': async (data) => { /* handle */ }
};

async function handleVercelEvent(event: VercelEvent): Promise<void> {
  const handler = eventHandlers[event.type];

  if (!handler) {
    console.log(`Unhandled event type: ${event.type}`);
    return;
  }

  try {
    await handler(event.data);
    console.log(`Processed ${event.type}: ${event.id}`);
  } catch (error) {
    console.error(`Failed to process ${event.type}: ${event.id}`, error);
    throw error; // Rethrow to trigger retry
  }
}

Idempotency Handling

import { Redis } from 'ioredis';

const redis = new Redis(process.env.REDIS_URL);

async function isEventProcessed(eventId: string): Promise<boolean> {
  const key = `vercel:event:${eventId}`;
  const exists = await redis.exists(key);
  return exists === 1;
}

async function markEventProcessed(eventId: string): Promise<void> {
  const key = `vercel:event:${eventId}`;
  await redis.set(key, '1', 'EX', 86400 * 7); // 7 days TTL
}

Webhook Testing

# Use Vercel CLI to send test events
vercel dev

# Or use webhook.site for debugging
curl -X POST https://webhook.site/your-uuid \
  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
  -d '{"type": "resource.created", "data": {}}'

Instructions

Step 1: Register Webhook Endpoint

Configure your webhook URL in the Vercel dashboard.

Step 2: Implement Signature Verification

Use the signature verification code to validate incoming webhooks.

Step 3: Handle Events

Implement handlers for each event type your application needs.

Step 4: Add Idempotency

Prevent duplicate processing with event ID tracking.

Output

• Secure webhook endpoint
• Signature validation enabled
• Event handlers implemented
• Replay attack protection active

Error Handling

Issue	Cause	Solution
Invalid signature	Wrong secret	Verify webhook secret
Timestamp rejected	Clock drift	Check server time sync
Duplicate events	Missing idempotency	Implement event ID tracking
Handler timeout	Slow processing	Use async queue

Examples

Testing Webhooks Locally

# Use ngrok to expose local server
ngrok http 3000

# Send test webhook
curl -X POST https://your-ngrok-url/webhooks/vercel \
  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
  -d '{"type": "test", "data": {}}'

Resources

• Vercel Webhooks Guide
• Webhook Security Best Practices

Next Steps

For performance optimization, see vercel-performance-tuning.