vercel-cost-tuning

Vercel Cost Tuning

Overview

Optimize Vercel costs by understanding the Fluid Compute pricing model, reducing function execution time, leveraging edge caching to avoid function invocations, and configuring spend management. Covers plan comparison, cost drivers, and monitoring.

Prerequisites

• Access to Vercel billing dashboard
• Understanding of current deployment architecture
• Access to Vercel Analytics for usage patterns

Instructions

Step 1: Understand the Pricing Model

Vercel uses Fluid Compute pricing (for new projects):

Resource	Hobby (Free)	Pro ($20/member/mo)	Enterprise
Bandwidth	100 GB	1 TB included	Custom
Serverless Execution	100 GB-hrs	1000 GB-hrs included	Custom
Edge Function invocations	500K	1M included	Custom
Edge Middleware invocations	1M	1M included	Custom
Image Optimizations	1000	5000 included	Custom
Builds per day	6000	6000	Custom
Concurrent builds	1	1 (more available)	Custom

Fluid Compute billing breakdown:

• Active CPU time: charged per ms of actual CPU usage
• Provisioned memory: charged per GB-second of allocated memory
• Benefit: you pay for actual work, not idle waiting (e.g., waiting for a database response)

Step 2: Identify Cost Drivers

# Check usage via API
curl -s -H "Authorization: Bearer $VERCEL_TOKEN" \
  "https://api.vercel.com/v2/usage" | jq .

# Top cost drivers on Vercel:
# 1. Serverless function execution time (CPU + memory)
# 2. Bandwidth (large responses, unoptimized images)
# 3. Edge Middleware invocations (runs on EVERY request)
# 4. Image optimizations (each unique transform costs)
# 5. Build minutes (frequent deploys or slow builds)

Step 3: Reduce Function Execution Costs

// 1. Right-size function memory — don't over-allocate
// vercel.json
{
  "functions": {
    "api/lightweight.ts": { "memory": 128 },    // Simple JSON responses
    "api/standard.ts": { "memory": 512 },       // Database queries
    "api/heavy.ts": { "memory": 1024 }          // Image processing
  }
}

// 2. Move read-only endpoints to Edge Functions (cheaper, no cold starts)
// api/config.ts
export const config = { runtime: 'edge' };
export default function handler() {
  return Response.json({ features: ['a', 'b'] });
}

// 3. Cache function responses at the edge
// Eliminates function invocations entirely for cached routes
export default function handler(req, res) {
  res.setHeader('Cache-Control', 's-maxage=3600, stale-while-revalidate=86400');
  res.json(data);
}

Step 4: Reduce Bandwidth Costs

// vercel.json — compress and cache aggressively
{
  "headers": [
    {
      "source": "/static/(.*)",
      "headers": [
        { "key": "Cache-Control", "value": "public, max-age=31536000, immutable" }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "images": {
    "sizes": [640, 750, 1080],
    "formats": ["image/avif", "image/webp"],
    "minimumCacheTTL": 86400
  }
}

Key bandwidth reducers:

• Use Vercel's image optimization (auto WebP/AVIF conversion)
• Set aggressive cache headers on static assets
• Use ISR to serve static HTML instead of SSR
• Compress API responses (Vercel auto-compresses with Brotli)

Step 5: Optimize Middleware Costs

Middleware runs on every matched request. Minimize its scope:

// middleware.ts — scope to specific paths only
export const config = {
  matcher: [
    // Only run middleware on API routes and protected pages
    '/api/:path*',
    '/dashboard/:path*',
    // Skip static files, images, and public assets
    '/((?!_next/static|_next/image|favicon.ico|public).*)',
  ],
};

export function middleware(request) {
  // Keep logic minimal — this runs on every matched request
  // Avoid: database queries, external API calls, heavy computation
  // Good: cookie checks, header modifications, redirects
}

Step 6: Configure Spend Management

In the Vercel dashboard under Settings > Billing > Spend Management:

Default budget: $200/month on-demand usage
Options:
- Set custom budget limit
- Enable hard limit (pauses all projects when reached)
- Configure email alerts at 50%, 75%, 90%, 100%

# Check current usage against budget via API
curl -s -H "Authorization: Bearer $VERCEL_TOKEN" \
  "https://api.vercel.com/v2/usage?teamId=team_xxx" \
  | jq '{period: .period, bandwidth: .bandwidth, execution: .serverlessFunctionExecution}'

Cost Optimization Checklist

Action	Impact	Effort
Add s-maxage cache headers	High — eliminates function invocations	Low
Use Edge Functions for simple endpoints	Medium — cheaper than serverless	Low
Right-size function memory	Medium — reduces GB-hr cost	Low
Scope middleware matcher	Medium — reduces edge invocations	Low
Enable image optimization	Medium — reduces bandwidth	Low
Use ISR instead of SSR	High — serves cached HTML	Medium
Optimize build speed	Low — reduces build minutes	Medium
Set spend management alerts	Safety — prevents surprise bills	Low

Output

• Function memory right-sized per endpoint
• Edge caching reducing function invocations
• Middleware scoped to minimize invocations
• Spend management configured with budget alerts
• Usage monitoring via API

Error Handling

Error	Cause	Solution
Unexpected bill spike	Uncached high-traffic endpoint	Add s-maxage to the response
Projects paused	Hard spending limit reached	Increase limit or optimize usage
Image optimization quota exceeded	Too many unique image transforms	Reduce sizes array, increase cache TTL
Build minutes exceeded	Slow builds or too many deploys	Use ignoreCommand to skip non-code changes

Resources

• Vercel Pricing
• Fluid Compute Pricing
• Spend Management
• Limits
• Usage API

Next Steps

For reference architecture, see vercel-reference-architecture.