Unit Testing Bean Validation and Custom Validators

Test validation annotations and custom validator implementations using JUnit 5. Verify constraint violations, error messages, and validation logic in isolation.

When to Use This Skill

Use this skill when:

Testing Jakarta Bean Validation (@NotNull, @Email, @Min, etc.)
Testing custom @Constraint validators
Verifying constraint violation error messages
Testing cross-field validation logic
Want fast validation tests without Spring context
Testing complex validation scenarios and edge cases

Setup: Bean Validation

Maven

<dependency>
  <groupId>jakarta.validation</groupId>
  <artifactId>jakarta.validation-api</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
  <groupId>org.hibernate.validator</groupId>
  <artifactId>hibernate-validator</artifactId>
  <scope>test</scope>
</dependency>
<dependency>
  <groupId>org.junit.jupiter</groupId>
  <artifactId>junit-jupiter</artifactId>
  <scope>test</scope>
</dependency>
<dependency>
  <groupId>org.assertj</groupId>
  <artifactId>assertj-core</artifactId>
  <scope>test</scope>
</dependency>

Gradle

dependencies {
  implementation("jakarta.validation:jakarta.validation-api")
  testImplementation("org.hibernate.validator:hibernate-validator")
  testImplementation("org.junit.jupiter:junit-jupiter")
  testImplementation("org.assertj:assertj-core")
}

Basic Pattern: Testing Validation Constraints

Setup Validator

import jakarta.validation.Validator;
import jakarta.validation.ValidatorFactory;
import jakarta.validation.Validation;
import jakarta.validation.ConstraintViolation;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeEach;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.*;

class UserValidationTest {

  private Validator validator;

  @BeforeEach
  void setUp() {
    ValidatorFactory factory = Validation.buildDefaultValidatorFactory();
    validator = factory.getValidator();
  }

  @Test
  void shouldPassValidationWithValidUser() {
    User user = new User("Alice", "alice@example.com", 25);
    
    Set<ConstraintViolation<User>> violations = validator.validate(user);
    
    assertThat(violations).isEmpty();
  }

  @Test
  void shouldFailValidationWhenNameIsNull() {
    User user = new User(null, "alice@example.com", 25);
    
    Set<ConstraintViolation<User>> violations = validator.validate(user);
    
    assertThat(violations)
      .hasSize(1)
      .extracting(ConstraintViolation::getMessage)
      .contains("must not be blank");
  }
}

Testing Individual Constraint Annotations

Test @NotNull, @NotBlank, @Email

class UserDtoTest {

  private Validator validator;

  @BeforeEach
  void setUp() {
    validator = Validation.buildDefaultValidatorFactory().getValidator();
  }

  @Test
  void shouldFailWhenEmailIsInvalid() {
    UserDto dto = new UserDto("Alice", "invalid-email");
    
    Set<ConstraintViolation<UserDto>> violations = validator.validate(dto);
    
    assertThat(violations)
      .extracting(ConstraintViolation::getPropertyPath)
      .extracting(Path::toString)
      .contains("email");
    assertThat(violations)
      .extracting(ConstraintViolation::getMessage)
      .contains("must be a valid email address");
  }

  @Test
  void shouldFailWhenNameIsBlank() {
    UserDto dto = new UserDto("   ", "alice@example.com");
    
    Set<ConstraintViolation<UserDto>> violations = validator.validate(dto);
    
    assertThat(violations)
      .extracting(ConstraintViolation::getPropertyPath)
      .extracting(Path::toString)
      .contains("name");
  }

  @Test
  void shouldFailWhenAgeIsNegative() {
    UserDto dto = new UserDto("Alice", "alice@example.com", -5);
    
    Set<ConstraintViolation<UserDto>> violations = validator.validate(dto);
    
    assertThat(violations)
      .extracting(ConstraintViolation::getMessage)
      .contains("must be greater than or equal to 0");
  }

  @Test
  void shouldPassWhenAllConstraintsSatisfied() {
    UserDto dto = new UserDto("Alice", "alice@example.com", 25);
    
    Set<ConstraintViolation<UserDto>> violations = validator.validate(dto);
    
    assertThat(violations).isEmpty();
  }
}

Testing @Min, @Max, @Size Constraints

class ProductDtoTest {

  private Validator validator;

  @BeforeEach
  void setUp() {
    validator = Validation.buildDefaultValidatorFactory().getValidator();
  }

  @Test
  void shouldFailWhenPriceIsBelowMinimum() {
    ProductDto product = new ProductDto("Laptop", -100.0);
    
    Set<ConstraintViolation<ProductDto>> violations = validator.validate(product);
    
    assertThat(violations)
      .extracting(ConstraintViolation::getMessage)
      .contains("must be greater than 0");
  }

  @Test
  void shouldFailWhenQuantityExceedsMaximum() {
    ProductDto product = new ProductDto("Laptop", 1000.0, 999999);
    
    Set<ConstraintViolation<ProductDto>> violations = validator.validate(product);
    
    assertThat(violations)
      .extracting(ConstraintViolation::getMessage)
      .contains("must be less than or equal to 10000");
  }

  @Test
  void shouldFailWhenDescriptionTooLong() {
    String longDescription = "x".repeat(1001);
    ProductDto product = new ProductDto("Laptop", 1000.0, longDescription);
    
    Set<ConstraintViolation<ProductDto>> violations = validator.validate(product);
    
    assertThat(violations)
      .extracting(ConstraintViolation::getMessage)
      .contains("size must be between 0 and 1000");
  }
}

Testing Custom Validators

Create and Test Custom Constraint

// Custom constraint annotation
@Target(ElementType.FIELD)
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Constraint(validatedBy = PhoneNumberValidator.class)
public @interface ValidPhoneNumber {
  String message() default "invalid phone number format";
  Class<?>[] groups() default {};
  Class<? extends Payload>[] payload() default {};
}

// Custom validator implementation
public class PhoneNumberValidator implements ConstraintValidator<ValidPhoneNumber, String> {
  private static final String PHONE_PATTERN = "^\\d{3}-\\d{3}-\\d{4}$";

  @Override
  public boolean isValid(String value, ConstraintValidatorContext context) {
    if (value == null) return true; // null values handled by @NotNull
    return value.matches(PHONE_PATTERN);
  }
}

// Unit test for custom validator
class PhoneNumberValidatorTest {

  private Validator validator;

  @BeforeEach
  void setUp() {
    validator = Validation.buildDefaultValidatorFactory().getValidator();
  }

  @Test
  void shouldAcceptValidPhoneNumber() {
    Contact contact = new Contact("Alice", "555-123-4567");
    
    Set<ConstraintViolation<Contact>> violations = validator.validate(contact);
    
    assertThat(violations).isEmpty();
  }

  @Test
  void shouldRejectInvalidPhoneNumberFormat() {
    Contact contact = new Contact("Alice", "5551234567"); // No dashes
    
    Set<ConstraintViolation<Contact>> violations = validator.validate(contact);
    
    assertThat(violations)
      .extracting(ConstraintViolation::getMessage)
      .contains("invalid phone number format");
  }

  @Test
  void shouldRejectPhoneNumberWithLetters() {
    Contact contact = new Contact("Alice", "ABC-DEF-GHIJ");
    
    Set<ConstraintViolation<Contact>> violations = validator.validate(contact);
    
    assertThat(violations).isNotEmpty();
  }

  @Test
  void shouldAllowNullPhoneNumber() {
    Contact contact = new Contact("Alice", null);
    
    Set<ConstraintViolation<Contact>> violations = validator.validate(contact);
    
    assertThat(violations).isEmpty();
  }
}

Testing Cross-Field Validation

Custom Multi-Field Constraint

// Custom constraint for cross-field validation
@Target(ElementType.TYPE)
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Constraint(validatedBy = PasswordMatchValidator.class)
public @interface PasswordsMatch {
  String message() default "passwords do not match";
  Class<?>[] groups() default {};
  Class<? extends Payload>[] payload() default {};
}

// Validator implementation
public class PasswordMatchValidator implements ConstraintValidator<PasswordsMatch, ChangePasswordRequest> {
  @Override
  public boolean isValid(ChangePasswordRequest value, ConstraintValidatorContext context) {
    if (value == null) return true;
    return value.getNewPassword().equals(value.getConfirmPassword());
  }
}

// Unit test
class PasswordValidationTest {

  private Validator validator;

  @BeforeEach
  void setUp() {
    validator = Validation.buildDefaultValidatorFactory().getValidator();
  }

  @Test
  void shouldPassWhenPasswordsMatch() {
    ChangePasswordRequest request = new ChangePasswordRequest("oldPass", "newPass123", "newPass123");
    
    Set<ConstraintViolation<ChangePasswordRequest>> violations = validator.validate(request);
    
    assertThat(violations).isEmpty();
  }

  @Test
  void shouldFailWhenPasswordsDoNotMatch() {
    ChangePasswordRequest request = new ChangePasswordRequest("oldPass", "newPass123", "differentPass");
    
    Set<ConstraintViolation<ChangePasswordRequest>> violations = validator.validate(request);
    
    assertThat(violations)
      .extracting(ConstraintViolation::getMessage)
      .contains("passwords do not match");
  }
}

Testing Validation Groups

Conditional Validation

@Target(ElementType.TYPE)
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
public interface CreateValidation {}

@Target(ElementType.TYPE)
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
public interface UpdateValidation {}

class UserDto {
  @NotNull(groups = {CreateValidation.class})
  private String name;

  @Min(value = 1, groups = {CreateValidation.class, UpdateValidation.class})
  private int age;
}

class ValidationGroupsTest {

  private Validator validator;

  @BeforeEach
  void setUp() {
    validator = Validation.buildDefaultValidatorFactory().getValidator();
  }

  @Test
  void shouldRequireNameOnlyDuringCreation() {
    UserDto user = new UserDto(null, 25);
    
    Set<ConstraintViolation<UserDto>> violations = validator.validate(user, CreateValidation.class);
    
    assertThat(violations)
      .extracting(ConstraintViolation::getPropertyPath)
      .extracting(Path::toString)
      .contains("name");
  }

  @Test
  void shouldAllowNullNameDuringUpdate() {
    UserDto user = new UserDto(null, 25);
    
    Set<ConstraintViolation<UserDto>> violations = validator.validate(user, UpdateValidation.class);
    
    assertThat(violations).isEmpty();
  }
}

Testing Parameterized Validation Scenarios

import org.junit.jupiter.params.ParameterizedTest;
import org.junit.jupiter.params.provider.ValueSource;

class EmailValidationTest {

  private Validator validator;

  @BeforeEach
  void setUp() {
    validator = Validation.buildDefaultValidatorFactory().getValidator();
  }

  @ParameterizedTest
  @ValueSource(strings = {
    "user@example.com",
    "john.doe+tag@example.co.uk",
    "admin123@subdomain.example.com"
  })
  void shouldAcceptValidEmails(String email) {
    UserDto user = new UserDto("Alice", email);
    
    Set<ConstraintViolation<UserDto>> violations = validator.validate(user);
    
    assertThat(violations).isEmpty();
  }

  @ParameterizedTest
  @ValueSource(strings = {
    "invalid-email",
    "user@",
    "@example.com",
    "user name@example.com"
  })
  void shouldRejectInvalidEmails(String email) {
    UserDto user = new UserDto("Alice", email);
    
    Set<ConstraintViolation<UserDto>> violations = validator.validate(user);
    
    assertThat(violations).isNotEmpty();
  }
}

Best Practices

Validate at unit test level before testing service/controller layers
Test both valid and invalid cases for every constraint
Use custom validators for business-specific validation rules
Test error messages to ensure they're user-friendly
Test edge cases: null, empty string, whitespace-only strings
Use validation groups for conditional validation rules
Keep validator logic simple - complex validation belongs in service tests

Common Pitfalls

Forgetting to test null values
Not extracting violation details (message, property, constraint type)
Testing validation at service/controller level instead of unit tests
Creating overly complex custom validators
Not documenting constraint purposes in error messages

Troubleshooting

ValidatorFactory not found: Ensure jakarta.validation-api and hibernate-validator are on classpath.

Custom validator not invoked: Verify @Constraint(validatedBy = YourValidator.class) is correctly specified.

Null handling confusion: By default, @NotNull checks null, other constraints ignore null (use @NotNull with others for mandatory fields).

unit-test-bean-validation