Arize Prompt Optimization Skill

Concepts

Where Prompts Live in Trace Data

LLM applications emit spans following OpenInference semantic conventions. Prompts are stored in different span attributes depending on the span kind and instrumentation:

Column	What it contains	When to use
attributes.llm.input_messages	Structured chat messages (system, user, assistant, tool) in role-based format	Primary source for chat-based LLM prompts
attributes.llm.input_messages.roles	Array of roles: system, user, assistant, tool	Extract individual message roles
attributes.llm.input_messages.contents	Array of message content strings	Extract message text
attributes.input.value	Serialized prompt or user question (generic, all span kinds)	Fallback when structured messages are not available
attributes.llm.prompt_template.template	Template with {variable} placeholders (e.g., "Answer {question} using {context}")	When the app uses prompt templates
attributes.llm.prompt_template.variables	Template variable values (JSON object)	See what values were substituted into the template
attributes.output.value	Model response text	See what the LLM produced
attributes.llm.output_messages	Structured model output (including tool calls)	Inspect tool-calling responses

Finding Prompts by Span Kind

• LLM span (attributes.openinference.span.kind = 'LLM'): Check attributes.llm.input_messages for structured chat messages, OR attributes.input.value for a serialized prompt. Check attributes.llm.prompt_template.template for the template.
• Chain/Agent span: attributes.input.value contains the user's question. The actual LLM prompt lives on child LLM spans -- navigate down the trace tree.
• Tool span: attributes.input.value has tool input, attributes.output.value has tool result. Not typically where prompts live.

Performance Signal Columns

These columns carry the feedback data used for optimization:

Column pattern	Source	What it tells you
annotation.<name>.label	Human reviewers	Categorical grade (e.g., correct, incorrect, partial)
annotation.<name>.score	Human reviewers	Numeric quality score (e.g., 0.0 - 1.0)
annotation.<name>.text	Human reviewers	Freeform explanation of the grade
eval.<name>.label	LLM-as-judge evals	Automated categorical assessment
eval.<name>.score	LLM-as-judge evals	Automated numeric score
eval.<name>.explanation	LLM-as-judge evals	Why the eval gave that score -- most valuable for optimization
attributes.input.value	Trace data	What went into the LLM
attributes.output.value	Trace data	What the LLM produced
{experiment_name}.output	Experiment runs	Output from a specific experiment

Prerequisites

Proceed directly with the task — run the ax command you need. Do NOT check versions, env vars, or profiles upfront.

If an ax command fails, troubleshoot based on the error:

• command not found or version error → see references/ax-setup.md
• 401 Unauthorized / missing API key → run ax profiles show to inspect the current profile. If the profile is missing or the API key is wrong: check .env for ARIZE_API_KEY and use it to create/update the profile via references/ax-profiles.md. If .env has no key either, ask the user for their Arize API key (https://app.arize.com/admin > API Keys)
• Space ID unknown → check .env for ARIZE_SPACE_ID, or run ax spaces list -o json, or ask the user
• Project unclear → check .env for ARIZE_DEFAULT_PROJECT, or ask, or run ax projects list -o json --limit 100 and present as selectable options
• LLM provider call fails (missing OPENAI_API_KEY / ANTHROPIC_API_KEY) → check .env, load if present, otherwise ask the user

Phase 1: Extract the Current Prompt

Find LLM spans containing prompts

# List LLM spans (where prompts live)
ax spans list PROJECT_ID --filter "attributes.openinference.span.kind = 'LLM'" --limit 10

# Filter by model
ax spans list PROJECT_ID --filter "attributes.llm.model_name = 'gpt-4o'" --limit 10

# Filter by span name (e.g., a specific LLM call)
ax spans list PROJECT_ID --filter "name = 'ChatCompletion'" --limit 10

Export a trace to inspect prompt structure

# Export all spans in a trace
ax spans export --trace-id TRACE_ID --project PROJECT_ID

# Export a single span
ax spans export --span-id SPAN_ID --project PROJECT_ID

Extract prompts from exported JSON

# Extract structured chat messages (system + user + assistant)
jq '.[0] | {
  messages: .attributes.llm.input_messages,
  model: .attributes.llm.model_name
}' trace_*/spans.json

# Extract the system prompt specifically
jq '[.[] | select(.attributes.llm.input_messages.roles[]? == "system")] | .[0].attributes.llm.input_messages' trace_*/spans.json

# Extract prompt template and variables
jq '.[0].attributes.llm.prompt_template' trace_*/spans.json

# Extract from input.value (fallback for non-structured prompts)
jq '.[0].attributes.input.value' trace_*/spans.json

Reconstruct the prompt as messages

Once you have the span data, reconstruct the prompt as a messages array:

[
  {"role": "system", "content": "You are a helpful assistant that..."},
  {"role": "user", "content": "Given {input}, answer the question: {question}"}
]

If the span has attributes.llm.prompt_template.template, the prompt uses variables. Preserve these placeholders ({variable} or {{variable}}) -- they are substituted at runtime.

Phase 2: Gather Performance Data

From traces (production feedback)

# Find error spans -- these indicate prompt failures
ax spans list PROJECT_ID \
  --filter "status_code = 'ERROR' AND attributes.openinference.span.kind = 'LLM'" \
  --limit 20

# Find spans with low eval scores
ax spans list PROJECT_ID \
  --filter "annotation.correctness.label = 'incorrect'" \
  --limit 20

# Find spans with high latency (may indicate overly complex prompts)
ax spans list PROJECT_ID \
  --filter "attributes.openinference.span.kind = 'LLM' AND latency_ms > 10000" \
  --limit 20

# Export error traces for detailed inspection
ax spans export --trace-id TRACE_ID --project PROJECT_ID

From datasets and experiments

# Export a dataset (ground truth examples)
ax datasets export DATASET_ID
# -> dataset_*/examples.json

# Export experiment results (what the LLM produced)
ax experiments export EXPERIMENT_ID
# -> experiment_*/runs.json

Merge dataset + experiment for analysis

Join the two files by example_id to see inputs alongside outputs and evaluations:

# Count examples and runs
jq 'length' dataset_*/examples.json
jq 'length' experiment_*/runs.json

# View a single joined record
jq -s '
  .[0] as $dataset |
  .[1][0] as $run |
  ($dataset[] | select(.id == $run.example_id)) as $example |
  {
    input: $example,
    output: $run.output,
    evaluations: $run.evaluations
  }
' dataset_*/examples.json experiment_*/runs.json

# Find failed examples (where eval score < threshold)
jq '[.[] | select(.evaluations.correctness.score < 0.5)]' experiment_*/runs.json

Identify what to optimize

Look for patterns across failures:

1. Compare outputs to ground truth: Where does the LLM output differ from expected?
2. Read eval explanations: eval.*.explanation tells you WHY something failed
3. Check annotation text: Human feedback describes specific issues
4. Look for verbosity mismatches: If outputs are too long/short vs ground truth
5. Check format compliance: Are outputs in the expected format?

Phase 3: Optimize the Prompt

The Optimization Meta-Prompt

Use this template to generate an improved version of the prompt. Fill in the three placeholders and send it to your LLM (GPT-4o, Claude, etc.):

You are an expert in prompt optimization. Given the original baseline prompt
and the associated performance data (inputs, outputs, evaluation labels, and
explanations), generate a revised version that improves results.

ORIGINAL BASELINE PROMPT
========================

{PASTE_ORIGINAL_PROMPT_HERE}

========================

PERFORMANCE DATA
================

The following records show how the current prompt performed. Each record
includes the input, the LLM output, and evaluation feedback:

{PASTE_RECORDS_HERE}

================

HOW TO USE THIS DATA

1. Compare outputs: Look at what the LLM generated vs what was expected
2. Review eval scores: Check which examples scored poorly and why
3. Examine annotations: Human feedback shows what worked and what didn't
4. Identify patterns: Look for common issues across multiple examples
5. Focus on failures: The rows where the output DIFFERS from the expected
   value are the ones that need fixing

ALIGNMENT STRATEGY

- If outputs have extra text or reasoning not present in the ground truth,
  remove instructions that encourage explanation or verbose reasoning
- If outputs are missing information, add instructions to include it
- If outputs are in the wrong format, add explicit format instructions
- Focus on the rows where the output differs from the target -- these are
  the failures to fix

RULES

Maintain Structure:
- Use the same template variables as the current prompt ({var} or {{var}})
- Don't change sections that are already working
- Preserve the exact return format instructions from the original prompt

Avoid Overfitting:
- DO NOT copy examples verbatim into the prompt
- DO NOT quote specific test data outputs exactly
- INSTEAD: Extract the ESSENCE of what makes good vs bad outputs
- INSTEAD: Add general guidelines and principles
- INSTEAD: If adding few-shot examples, create SYNTHETIC examples that
  demonstrate the principle, not real data from above

Goal: Create a prompt that generalizes well to new inputs, not one that
memorizes the test data.

OUTPUT FORMAT

Return the revised prompt as a JSON array of messages:

[
  {"role": "system", "content": "..."},
  {"role": "user", "content": "..."}
]

Also provide a brief reasoning section (bulleted list) explaining:
- What problems you found
- How the revised prompt addresses each one

Preparing the performance data

Format the records as a JSON array before pasting into the template:

# From dataset + experiment: join and select relevant columns
jq -s '
  .[0] as $ds |
  [.[1][] | . as $run |
    ($ds[] | select(.id == $run.example_id)) as $ex |
    {
      input: $ex.input,
      expected: $ex.expected_output,
      actual_output: $run.output,
      eval_score: $run.evaluations.correctness.score,
      eval_label: $run.evaluations.correctness.label,
      eval_explanation: $run.evaluations.correctness.explanation
    }
  ]
' dataset_*/examples.json experiment_*/runs.json

# From exported spans: extract input/output pairs with annotations
jq '[.[] | select(.attributes.openinference.span.kind == "LLM") | {
  input: .attributes.input.value,
  output: .attributes.output.value,
  status: .status_code,
  model: .attributes.llm.model_name
}]' trace_*/spans.json

Applying the revised prompt

After the LLM returns the revised messages array:

1. Compare the original and revised prompts side by side
2. Verify all template variables are preserved
3. Check that format instructions are intact
4. Test on a few examples before full deployment

Phase 4: Iterate

The optimization loop

1. Extract prompt    -> Phase 1 (once)
2. Run experiment    -> ax experiments create ...
3. Export results    -> ax experiments export EXPERIMENT_ID
4. Analyze failures  -> jq to find low scores
5. Run meta-prompt   -> Phase 3 with new failure data
6. Apply revised prompt
7. Repeat from step 2

Measure improvement

# Compare scores across experiments
# Experiment A (baseline)
jq '[.[] | .evaluations.correctness.score] | add / length' experiment_a/runs.json

# Experiment B (optimized)
jq '[.[] | .evaluations.correctness.score] | add / length' experiment_b/runs.json

# Find examples that flipped from fail to pass
jq -s '
  [.[0][] | select(.evaluations.correctness.label == "incorrect")] as $fails |
  [.[1][] | select(.evaluations.correctness.label == "correct") |
    select(.example_id as $id | $fails | any(.example_id == $id))
  ] | length
' experiment_a/runs.json experiment_b/runs.json

A/B compare two prompts

1. Create two experiments against the same dataset, each using a different prompt version
2. Export both: ax experiments export EXP_A and ax experiments export EXP_B
3. Compare average scores, failure rates, and specific example flips
4. Check for regressions -- examples that passed with prompt A but fail with prompt B

Prompt Engineering Best Practices

Apply these when writing or revising prompts:

Technique	When to apply	Example
Clear, detailed instructions	Output is vague or off-topic	"Classify the sentiment as exactly one of: positive, negative, neutral"
Instructions at the beginning	Model ignores later instructions	Put the task description before examples
Step-by-step breakdowns	Complex multi-step processes	"First extract entities, then classify each, then summarize"
Specific personas	Need consistent style/tone	"You are a senior financial analyst writing for institutional investors"
Delimiter tokens	Sections blend together	Use ---, ###, or XML tags to separate input from instructions
Few-shot examples	Output format needs clarification	Show 2-3 synthetic input/output pairs
Output length specifications	Responses are too long or short	"Respond in exactly 2-3 sentences"
Reasoning instructions	Accuracy is critical	"Think step by step before answering"
"I don't know" guidelines	Hallucination is a risk	"If the answer is not in the provided context, say 'I don't have enough information'"

Variable preservation

When optimizing prompts that use template variables:

• Single braces ({variable}): Python f-string / Jinja style. Most common in Arize.
• Double braces ({{variable}}): Mustache style. Used when the framework requires it.
• Never add or remove variable placeholders during optimization
• Never rename variables -- the runtime substitution depends on exact names
• If adding few-shot examples, use literal values, not variable placeholders

Workflows

Optimize a prompt from a failing trace

1. Find failing traces:

   ax traces list PROJECT_ID --filter "status_code = 'ERROR'" --limit 5
   

2. Export the trace:

   ax spans export --trace-id TRACE_ID --project PROJECT_ID
   

3. Extract the prompt from the LLM span:

   jq '[.[] | select(.attributes.openinference.span.kind == "LLM")][0] | {
     messages: .attributes.llm.input_messages,
     template: .attributes.llm.prompt_template,
     output: .attributes.output.value,
     error: .attributes.exception.message
   }' trace_*/spans.json
   

4. Identify what failed from the error message or output
5. Fill in the optimization meta-prompt (Phase 3) with the prompt and error context
6. Apply the revised prompt

Optimize using a dataset and experiment

1. Find the dataset and experiment:

   ax datasets list
   ax experiments list --dataset-id DATASET_ID
   

2. Export both:

   ax datasets export DATASET_ID
   ax experiments export EXPERIMENT_ID
   

3. Prepare the joined data for the meta-prompt
4. Run the optimization meta-prompt
5. Create a new experiment with the revised prompt to measure improvement

Debug a prompt that produces wrong format

1. Export spans where the output format is wrong:

   ax spans list PROJECT_ID \
     --filter "attributes.openinference.span.kind = 'LLM' AND annotation.format.label = 'incorrect'" \
     --limit 10 -o json > bad_format.json
   

2. Look at what the LLM is producing vs what was expected
3. Add explicit format instructions to the prompt (JSON schema, examples, delimiters)
4. Common fix: add a few-shot example showing the exact desired output format

Reduce hallucination in a RAG prompt

1. Find traces where the model hallucinated:

   ax spans list PROJECT_ID \
     --filter "annotation.faithfulness.label = 'unfaithful'" \
     --limit 20
   

2. Export and inspect the retriever + LLM spans together:

   ax spans export --trace-id TRACE_ID --project PROJECT_ID
   jq '[.[] | {kind: .attributes.openinference.span.kind, name, input: .attributes.input.value, output: .attributes.output.value}]' trace_*/spans.json
   

3. Check if the retrieved context actually contained the answer
4. Add grounding instructions to the system prompt: "Only use information from the provided context. If the answer is not in the context, say so."

Troubleshooting

Problem	Solution
ax: command not found	See references/ax-setup.md
No profile found	No profile is configured. See references/ax-profiles.md to create one.
No input_messages on span	Check span kind -- Chain/Agent spans store prompts on child LLM spans, not on themselves
Prompt template is null	Not all instrumentations emit prompt_template. Use input_messages or input.value instead
Variables lost after optimization	Verify the revised prompt preserves all {var} placeholders from the original
Optimization makes things worse	Check for overfitting -- the meta-prompt may have memorized test data. Ensure few-shot examples are synthetic
No eval/annotation columns	Run evaluations first (via Arize UI or SDK), then re-export
Experiment output column not found	The column name is {experiment_name}.output -- check exact experiment name via ax experiments get
jq errors on span JSON	Ensure you're targeting the correct file path (e.g., trace_*/spans.json)