QUERIES-pagination: Efficient Pagination Strategies

Teaches correct Prisma 6 pagination patterns with guidance on cursor vs offset trade-offs and performance implications.

<role> Implement cursor-based or offset-based Prisma pagination strategies, choosing based on dataset size, access patterns, and performance requirements. </role> <when-to-activate> Activates when: user mentions "pagination," "page," "infinite scroll," "load more"; building APIs with page navigation/list endpoints; optimizing large datasets (100k+) or slow queries; implementing table/feed views. </when-to-activate> <overview> **Cursor-based pagination** (recommended): Stable performance regardless of size; efficient for infinite scroll; handles real-time changes gracefully; requires unique sequential ordering field.

Offset-based pagination: Simple; supports arbitrary page jumps; degrades significantly on large datasets (100k+); prone to duplicates/gaps during changes.

**Core principle: Default to cursor. Use offset only for

small (<10k), static datasets requiring arbitrary page access.** </overview>

<workflow> ## Pagination Strategy Workflow

Phase 1: Choose Strategy

• Assess dataset size: <10k (either), 10k–100k (prefer cursor), >100k (require cursor)
• Assess access: sequential (cursor); arbitrary jumps (offset); infinite scroll (cursor); traditional pagination (cursor)
• Assess volatility: frequent inserts/deletes (cursor); static (either)

Phase 2: Implement

• Cursor: select unique ordering field (id, createdAt+id); implement take+cursor+skip; return next cursor; handle edges
• Offset: implement take+skip; calculate total pages if needed; validate bounds; document limitations

Phase 3: Optimize & Validate

• Add indexes on ordering field(s); test with realistic dataset size; measure performance; document pagination metadata in response </workflow>

<decision-matrix> ## Pagination Strategy Decision Matrix

Criterion	Cursor	Offset	Winner
Dataset > 100k	Stable O(n)	O(skip+n)	Cursor
Infinite scroll	Natural	Poor	Cursor
Page controls (1,2,3...)	Workaround needed	Natural	Offset
Jump to page N	Not supported	Supported	Offset
Real-time data	No duplicates	Duplicates/gaps	Cursor
Total count needed	Extra query	Same query	Offset
Complexity	Medium	Low	Offset
Mobile feed	Natural	Poor	Cursor
Admin table (<10k)	Overkill	Simple	Offset
Search results	Good	Acceptable	Cursor

Guidelines: (1) Default cursor for user-facing lists; (2) Use offset only for small admin tables, total-count requirements, or arbitrary page jumping in internal tools; (3) Never use offset for feeds, timelines, >100k datasets, infinite scroll, real-time data. </decision-matrix>

<cursor-pagination> ## Cursor-Based Pagination

Cursor pagination uses a pointer to a specific record as the starting point for the next page.

Basic Pattern

async function getPosts(cursor?: string, pageSize: number = 20) {
  const posts = await prisma.post.findMany({
    take: pageSize,
    skip: cursor ? 1 : 0,
    cursor: cursor ? { id: cursor } : undefined,
    orderBy: { id: 'asc' },
  });

  return {
    data: posts,
    nextCursor: posts.length === pageSize ? posts[posts.length - 1].id : null,
  };
}

Composite Cursor for Non-Unique Ordering

For non-unique fields (createdAt, score), combine with unique field:

async function getPostsByDate(cursor?: { createdAt: Date; id: string }, pageSize: number = 20) {
  const posts = await prisma.post.findMany({
    take: pageSize,
    skip: cursor ? 1 : 0,
    cursor: cursor ? { createdAt_id: cursor } : undefined,
    orderBy: [{ createdAt: 'desc' }, { id: 'asc' }],
  });

  const lastPost = posts[posts.length - 1];
  return {
    data: posts,
    nextCursor:
      posts.length === pageSize ? { createdAt: lastPost.createdAt, id: lastPost.id } : null,
  };
}

Schema requirement:

model Post {
  id        String   @id @default(cuid())
  createdAt DateTime @default(now())
  @@index([createdAt, id])
}

Performance

• Time complexity: O(n) where n=pageSize (independent of total dataset size); first and subsequent pages identical
• Index requirement: Critical; without index causes full table scan
• Memory: Constant (only pageSize records)
• Data changes: No duplicates/missing records across pages; new records appear in correct position

</cursor-pagination> <offset-pagination> ## Offset-Based Pagination

Offset pagination skips a numeric offset of records.

Basic Pattern

async function getPostsPaged(page: number = 1, pageSize: number = 20) {
  const skip = (page - 1) * pageSize;
  const [posts, total] = await Promise.all([
    prisma.post.findMany({ skip, take: pageSize, orderBy: { createdAt: 'desc' } }),
    prisma.post.count(),
  ]);

  return {
    data: posts,
    pagination: { page, pageSize, totalPages: Math.ceil(total / pageSize), totalRecords: total },
  };
}

Performance Degradation

Complexity: Page 1 O(pageSize); Page N O(N×pageSize)—linear degradation

Real-world example (1M records, pageSize 20):

• Page 1 (skip 0): ~5ms
• Page 1,000 (skip 20k): ~150ms
• Page 10,000 (skip 200k): ~1,500ms
• Page 50,000 (skip 1M): ~7,500ms

Database must scan and discard skipped rows despite indexes.

When Acceptable

Use only when: (1) dataset <10k OR deep pages rare; (2) arbitrary page access required; (3) total count needed; (4) infrequent data changes. Common cases: admin tables, search results (rarely past page 5), static archives. </offset-pagination>

<validation> ## Validation

1. Index verification: Schema has index on ordering field(s); for cursor use @@index([field1, field2]); run npx prisma format

2. Performance testing:

   console.time('First page');
   await getPosts(undefined, 20);
   console.timeEnd('First page');
   console.time('Page 100');
   await getPosts(cursor100, 20);
   console.timeEnd('Page 100');
   

   Cursor: both ~similar (5–50ms); Offset: verify acceptable for your use case

3. Edge cases: first page, last page (<pageSize results), empty results, invalid cursor/page, concurrent modifications

4. API contract: response includes pagination metadata; nextCursor null when done; hasMore accurate; page numbers

validated (>0); consistent ordering across pages; unique fields in composite cursors </validation>

<constraints> **MUST**: Index cursor field(s); validate pageSize (max 100); handle empty results; return pagination metadata; use consistent ordering; include unique fields in composite cursors

SHOULD: Default cursor for user-facing lists; limit offset to <100k datasets; document pagination strategy; test realistic sizes; consider caching total count

NEVER: Use offset for >100k datasets, infinite scroll, feeds/timelines, real-time data; omit indexes; allow unlimited pageSize; use non-unique sole cursor; modify ordering between requests </constraints>

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References

• Bidirectional Pagination — Forward/backward navigation
• Complete API Examples — Full endpoint implementations with filtering
• Performance Benchmarks — Detailed performance data, optimization guidance
• Common Mistakes — Anti-patterns and fixes
• Data Change Handling — Managing duplicates and gaps