SwiftUI Debugging Diagnostics

When to Use This Diagnostic Skill

Use this skill when:

• Basic troubleshooting failed — Applied axiom-swiftui-debugging skill patterns but issue persists
• Self._printChanges() shows unexpected patterns — View updating when it shouldn't, or not updating when it should
• Intermittent issues — Works sometimes, fails other times ("heisenbug")
• Complex dependency chains — Need to trace data flow through multiple views/models
• Performance investigation — Views updating too often or taking too long
• Preview mysteries — Crashes or failures that aren't immediately obvious

FORBIDDEN Actions

Under pressure, you'll be tempted to shortcuts that hide problems instead of diagnosing them. NEVER do these:

❌ Guessing with random @State/@Observable changes

• "Let me try adding @Observable here and see if it works"
• "Maybe if I change this to @StateObject it'll fix it"

❌ Adding .id(UUID()) to force updates

• Creates new view identity every render
• Destroys state preservation
• Masks root cause

❌ Using ObservableObject when @Observable would work (iOS 17+)

• Adds unnecessary complexity
• Miss out on automatic dependency tracking

❌ Ignoring intermittent issues ("works sometimes")

• "I'll just merge and hope it doesn't happen in production"
• Intermittent = systematic bug, not randomness

❌ Shipping without understanding

• "The fix works, I don't know why"
• Production is too expensive for trial-and-error

Mandatory First Steps

Before diving into diagnostic patterns, establish baseline environment:

# 1. Verify Instruments setup
xcodebuild -version  # Must be Xcode 26+ for SwiftUI Instrument

# 2. Build in Release mode for profiling
xcodebuild build -scheme YourScheme -configuration Release

# 3. Clear derived data if investigating preview issues
rm -rf ~/Library/Developer/Xcode/DerivedData

Time cost: 5 minutes Why: Wrong Xcode version or Debug mode produces misleading profiling data

---

Diagnostic Decision Tree

SwiftUI view issue after basic troubleshooting?
│
├─ View not updating?
│  ├─ Basic check: Add Self._printChanges() temporarily
│  │  ├─ Shows "@self changed" → View value changed
│  │  │  └─ Pattern D1: Analyze what caused view recreation
│  │  ├─ Shows specific state property → That state triggered update
│  │  │  └─ Verify: Should that state trigger update?
│  │  └─ Nothing logged → Body not being called at all
│  │     └─ Pattern D3: View Identity Investigation
│  └─ Advanced: Use SwiftUI Instrument
│     └─ Pattern D2: SwiftUI Instrument Investigation
│
├─ View updating too often?
│  ├─ Pattern D1: Self._printChanges() Analysis
│  │  └─ Identify unnecessary state dependencies
│  └─ Pattern D2: SwiftUI Instrument → Cause & Effect Graph
│     └─ Trace data flow, find broad dependencies
│
├─ Intermittent issues (works sometimes)?
│  ├─ Pattern D3: View Identity Investigation
│  │  └─ Check: Does identity change unexpectedly?
│  ├─ Pattern D4: Environment Dependency Check
│  │  └─ Check: Environment values changing frequently?
│  └─ Reproduce in preview 30+ times
│     └─ If can't reproduce: Likely timing/race condition
│
└─ Preview crashes (after basic fixes)?
    ├─ Pattern D5: Preview Diagnostics (Xcode 26)
    │  └─ Check diagnostics button, crash logs
    └─ If still fails: Pattern D2 (profile preview build)

---

Diagnostic Patterns

Pattern D1: Self._printChanges() Analysis

Time cost: 5 minutes

Symptom: Need to understand exactly why view body runs

When to use:

• View updating more often than expected
• View not updating when it should
• Verifying dependencies after refactoring

Technique:

struct MyView: View {
    @State private var count = 0
    @Environment(AppModel.self) private var model

    var body: some View {
        let _ = Self._printChanges()  // Add temporarily

        VStack {
            Text("Count: \(count)")
            Text("Model value: \(model.value)")
        }
    }
}

Output interpretation:

# Scenario 1: View parameter changed
MyView: @self changed
→ Parent passed new MyView instance
→ Check parent code - what triggered recreation?

# Scenario 2: State property changed
MyView: count changed
→ Local @State triggered update
→ Expected if you modified count

# Scenario 3: Environment property changed
MyView: @self changed  # Environment is part of @self
→ Environment value changed (color scheme, locale, custom value)
→ Pattern D4: Check environment dependencies

# Scenario 4: Nothing logged
→ Body not being called
→ Pattern D3: View identity investigation

Common discoveries:

1. "@self changed" when you don't expect

   • Parent recreating view unnecessarily
   • Check parent's state management

2. Property shows changed but you didn't change it

   • Indirect dependency (reading from object that changed)
   • Pattern D2: Use Instruments to trace

3. Multiple properties changing together

   • Broad dependency (e.g., reading entire array when only need one item)
   • Fix: Extract specific dependency

Verification:

• Remove Self._printChanges() call before committing
• Never ship to production with this code

Cross-reference: For complex cases, use Pattern D2 (SwiftUI Instrument)

---

Pattern D2: SwiftUI Instrument Investigation

Time cost: 25 minutes

Symptom: Complex update patterns that Self._printChanges() can't fully explain

When to use:

• Multiple views updating when one should
• Need to trace data flow through app
• Views updating but don't know which data triggered it
• Long view body updates (performance issue)

Prerequisites:

• Xcode 26+ installed
• Device updated to iOS 26+ / macOS Tahoe+
• Build in Release mode

Steps:

1. Launch Instruments (5 min)

# Build Release
xcodebuild build -scheme YourScheme -configuration Release

# Launch Instruments
# Press Command-I in Xcode
# Choose "SwiftUI" template

2. Record Trace (3 min)

• Click Record button
• Perform the action that triggers unexpected updates
• Stop recording (10-30 seconds of interaction is enough)

3. Analyze Long View Body Updates (5 min)

• Look at Long View Body Updates lane
• Any orange/red bars? Those are expensive views
• Click on a long update → Detail pane shows view name
• Right-click → "Set Inspection Range and Zoom"
• Switch to Time Profiler track
• Find your view in call stack
• Identify expensive operation (formatter creation, calculation, etc.)

Fix: Move expensive operation to model layer, cache result

4. Analyze Unnecessary Updates (7 min)

• Highlight time range of user action (e.g., tapping favorite button)
• Expand hierarchy in detail pane
• Count updates — more than expected?
• Hover over view → Click arrow → "Show Cause & Effect Graph"

5. Interpret Cause & Effect Graph (5 min)

Graph nodes:

[Blue node] = Your code (gesture, state change, view body)
[System node] = SwiftUI/system work
[Arrow labeled "update"] = Caused this update
[Arrow labeled "creation"] = Caused view to appear

Common patterns:

# Pattern A: Single view updates (GOOD)
[Gesture] → [State Change in ViewModelA] → [ViewA body]

# Pattern B: All views update (BAD - broad dependency)
[Gesture] → [Array change] → [All list item views update]
└─ Fix: Use granular view models, one per item

# Pattern C: Cascade through environment (CHECK)
[State Change] → [Environment write] → [Many view bodies check]
└─ If environment value changes frequently → Pattern D4 fix

Click on nodes:

• State change node → See backtrace of where value was set
• View body node → See which properties it read (dependencies)

Verification:

• Record new trace after fix
• Compare before/after update counts
• Verify red/orange bars reduced or eliminated

Cross-reference: axiom-swiftui-performance skill for detailed Instruments workflows

---

Pattern D3: View Identity Investigation

Time cost: 15 minutes

Symptom: @State values reset unexpectedly, or views don't animate

When to use:

• Counter resets to 0 when it shouldn't
• Animations don't work (view pops instead of animates)
• ForEach items jump around
• Text field loses focus

Root cause: View identity changed unexpectedly

Investigation steps:

1. Check for conditional placement (5 min)

// ❌ PROBLEM: Identity changes with condition
if showDetails {
    CounterView()  // Gets new identity each time showDetails toggles
}

// ✅ FIX: Use .opacity()
CounterView()
    .opacity(showDetails ? 1 : 0)  // Same identity always

Find: Search codebase for views inside if/else that hold state

2. Check .id() modifiers (5 min)

// ❌ PROBLEM: .id() changes when data changes
DetailView()
    .id(item.id + "-\(isEditing)")  // ID changes with isEditing

// ✅ FIX: Stable ID
DetailView()
    .id(item.id)  // Stable ID

Find: Search codebase for .id( — check if ID values change

3. Check ForEach identifiers (5 min)

// ❌ WRONG: Index-based ID
ForEach(Array(items.enumerated()), id: \.offset) { index, item in
    Text(item.name)
}

// ❌ WRONG: Non-unique ID
ForEach(items, id: \.category) { item in  // Multiple items per category
    Text(item.name)
}

// ✅ RIGHT: Unique, stable ID
ForEach(items, id: \.id) { item in
    Text(item.name)
}

Find: Search for ForEach — verify unique, stable IDs

Fix patterns:

Issue	Fix
View in conditional	Use .opacity() instead
.id() changes too often	Use stable identifier
ForEach jumping	Use unique, stable IDs (UUID or server ID)
State resets on navigation	Check NavigationStack path management

Verification:

• Add Self._printChanges() — should NOT see "@self changed" repeatedly
• Animations should now work smoothly
• @State values should persist

---

Pattern D4: Environment Dependency Check

Time cost: 10 minutes

Symptom: Many views updating when unrelated data changes

When to use:

• Cause & Effect Graph shows "Environment" node triggering many updates
• Slow scrolling or animation performance
• Unexpected cascading updates

Root cause: Frequently-changing value in environment OR too many views reading environment

Investigation steps:

1. Find environment writes (3 min)

# Search for environment modifiers in current project
grep -r "\.environment(" --include="*.swift" .

Look for:

// ❌ BAD: Frequently changing values
.environment(\.scrollOffset, scrollOffset)  // Updates 60+ times/second
.environment(model)  // If model updates frequently

// ✅ GOOD: Stable values
.environment(\.colorScheme, .dark)
.environment(appModel)  // If appModel changes rarely

2. Check what's in environment (3 min)

Using Pattern D2 (Instruments), check Cause & Effect Graph:

• Click on "Environment" node
• See which properties changed
• Count how many views checked for updates

Questions:

• Is this value changing every scroll/animation frame?
• Do all these views actually need this value?

3. Apply fix (4 min)

Fix A: Remove from environment (if frequently changing):

// ❌ Before: Environment
.environment(\.scrollOffset, scrollOffset)

// ✅ After: Direct parameter
ChildView(scrollOffset: scrollOffset)

Fix B: Use @Observable model (if needed by many views):

// Instead of storing primitive in environment:
@Observable class ScrollViewModel {
    var offset: CGFloat = 0
}

// Views depend on specific properties:
@Environment(ScrollViewModel.self) private var viewModel

var body: some View {
    Text("\(viewModel.offset)")  // Only updates when offset changes
}

Verification:

• Record new trace in Instruments
• Check Cause & Effect Graph — fewer views should update
• Performance should improve (smoother scrolling/animations)

---

Pattern D5: Preview Diagnostics (Xcode 26)

Time cost: 10 minutes

Symptom: Preview won't load or crashes with unclear error

When to use:

• Preview fails after basic fixes (swiftui-debugging skill)
• Error message unclear or generic
• Preview worked before, stopped suddenly

Investigation steps:

1. Use Preview Diagnostics Button (2 min)

Location: Editor menu → Canvas → Diagnostics

What it shows:

• Detailed error messages
• Missing dependencies
• State initialization issues
• Preview-specific problems

2. Check crash logs (3 min)

# Open crash logs directory
open ~/Library/Logs/DiagnosticReports/

# Look for recent .crash files containing "Preview"
ls -lt ~/Library/Logs/DiagnosticReports/ | grep -i preview | head -5

What to look for:

• Fatal errors (array out of bounds, force unwrap nil)
• Missing module imports
• Framework initialization failures

3. Isolate the problem (5 min)

Create minimal preview:

// Start with empty preview
#Preview {
    Text("Test")
}

// If this works, gradually add:
#Preview {
    MyView()  // Your actual view, but with mock data
        .environment(MockModel())  // Provide all dependencies
}

// Find which dependency causes crash

Common issues:

Error	Cause	Fix
"Cannot find in scope"	Missing dependency	Add to preview (see example below)
"Fatal error: Unexpectedly found nil"	Optional unwrap failed	Provide non-nil value in preview
"No such module"	Import missing	Add import statement
Silent crash (no error)	State init with invalid value	Use safe defaults

Fix patterns:

// Missing @Environment
#Preview {
    ContentView()
        .environment(AppModel())  // Provide dependency
}

// Missing @EnvironmentObject (pre-iOS 17)
#Preview {
    ContentView()
        .environmentObject(AppModel())
}

// Missing ModelContainer (SwiftData)
#Preview {
    let config = ModelConfiguration(isStoredInMemoryOnly: true)
    let container = try! ModelContainer(for: Item.self, configurations: config)

    return ContentView()
        .modelContainer(container)
}

// State with invalid defaults
@State var selectedIndex = 10  // ❌ Out of bounds
let items = ["a", "b", "c"]

// Fix: Safe default
@State var selectedIndex = 0  // ✅ Valid index

Verification:

• Preview loads without errors
• Can interact with preview normally
• Changes reflect immediately

---

Production Crisis Scenario

The Situation

Context:

• iOS 26 build shipped 2 days ago
• Users report "settings screen freezes when toggling features"
• 15% of users affected (reported via App Store reviews)
• VP asking for updates every 2 hours
• 8 hours until next deployment window closes
• Junior engineer suggests: "Let me try switching to @ObservedObject"

Red Flags — Resist These

If you hear ANY of these under deadline pressure, STOP and use diagnostic patterns:

❌ "Let me try different property wrappers and see what works"

• Random changes = guessing
• 80% chance of making it worse

❌ "It works on my device, must be iOS 26 bug"

• User reports are real
• 15% = systematic issue, not edge case

❌ "We can roll back if the fix doesn't work"

• App Store review takes 24 hours
• Rollback isn't instant

❌ "Add .id(UUID()) to force refresh"

• Destroys state preservation
• Hides root cause

❌ "Users will accept degraded performance for now"

• Once shipped, you're committed for 24 hours
• Bad reviews persist

Mandatory Protocol (No Shortcuts)

Total time budget: 90 minutes

Phase 1: Reproduce (15 min)

# 1. Get exact steps from user report
# 2. Build Release mode
xcodebuild build -scheme YourApp -configuration Release

# 3. Test on device (not simulator)
# 4. Reproduce freeze 3+ times

If can't reproduce: Ask for video recording or device logs from affected users

Phase 2: Diagnose with Pattern D2 (30 min)

# Launch Instruments with SwiftUI template
# Command-I in Xcode

# Record while reproducing freeze
# Look for:
# - Long View Body Updates (red bars)
# - Cause & Effect Graph showing update cascade

Find:

• Which view is expensive?
• What data change triggered it?
• How many views updated?

Phase 3: Apply Targeted Fix (20 min)

Based on diagnostic findings:

If Long View Body Update:

// Example finding: Formatter creation in body
// Fix: Move to cached formatter

If Cascade Update:

// Example finding: All toggle views reading entire settings array
// Fix: Per-toggle view models with granular dependencies

If Environment Issue:

// Example finding: Environment value updating every frame
// Fix: Remove from environment, use direct parameter

Phase 4: Verify (15 min)

# Record new Instruments trace
# Compare before/after:
# - Long updates eliminated?
# - Update count reduced?
# - Freeze gone?

# Test on device 10+ times

Phase 5: Deploy with Evidence (10 min)

Slack to VP + team:

"Diagnostic complete: Settings screen freeze caused by formatter creation
in ToggleRow body (confirmed via SwiftUI Instrument, Long View Body Updates).

Each toggle tap recreated NumberFormatter + DateFormatter for all visible
toggles (20+ formatters per tap).

Fix: Cached formatters in SettingsViewModel, pre-formatted strings.
Verified: Settings screen now responds in <16ms (was 200ms+).

Deploying build 2.1.1 now. Will monitor for next 24 hours."

This shows:

• You diagnosed with evidence (not guessed)
• You understand the root cause
• You verified the fix
• You're shipping with confidence

Time Cost Comparison

Option A: Guess and Pray

• Time to try random fixes: 30 min
• Time to deploy: 20 min
• Time to learn it failed: 24 hours (next App Store review)
• Total delay: 24+ hours
• User suffering: Continues through deployment window
• Risk: Made it worse, now TWO bugs

Option B: Diagnostic Protocol (This Skill)

• Time to diagnose: 45 min
• Time to apply targeted fix: 20 min
• Time to verify: 15 min
• Time to deploy: 10 min
• Total time: 90 minutes
• User suffering: Stopped after 2 hours
• Confidence: High (evidence-based fix)

Savings: 22 hours + avoid making it worse

When Pressure is Legitimate

Sometimes managers are right to push for speed. Accept the pressure IF:

✅ You've completed diagnostic protocol (90 minutes) ✅ You know exact view/operation causing issue ✅ You have targeted fix, not a guess ✅ You've verified in Instruments before shipping ✅ You're shipping WITH evidence, not hoping

Document your decision (same as above Slack template)

Professional Script for Pushback

If pressured to skip diagnostics:

"I understand the urgency. Skipping diagnostics means 80% chance of shipping the wrong fix, committing us to 24 more hours of user suffering. The diagnostic protocol takes 90 minutes total and gives us evidence-based confidence. We'll have the fix deployed in under 2 hours, verified, with no risk of making it worse. The math says diagnostics is the fastest path to resolution."

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Quick Reference Table

Symptom	Likely Cause	First Check	Pattern	Fix Time
View doesn't update	Missing observer / Wrong state	Self._printChanges()	D1	10 min
View updates too often	Broad dependencies	Self._printChanges() → Instruments	D1 → D2	30 min
State resets	Identity change	.id() modifiers, conditionals	D3	15 min
Cascade updates	Environment issue	Environment modifiers	D4	20 min
Preview crashes	Missing deps / Bad init	Diagnostics button	D5	10 min
Intermittent issues	Identity or timing	Reproduce 30+ times	D3	30 min
Long updates (performance)	Expensive body operation	Instruments (SwiftUI + Time Profiler)	D2	30 min

---

Decision Framework

Before shipping ANY fix:

Question	Answer Yes?	Action
Have you used Self._printChanges()?	No	STOP - Pattern D1 (5 min)
Have you run SwiftUI Instrument?	No	STOP - Pattern D2 (25 min)
Can you explain in one sentence what caused the issue?	No	STOP - you're guessing
Have you verified the fix in Instruments?	No	STOP - test before shipping
Did you check for simpler explanations?	No	STOP - review diagnostic patterns

Answer YES to all five → Ship with confidence

---

Common Mistakes

Mistake 1: "I added @Observable and it fixed it"

Why it's wrong: You don't know WHY it fixed it

• Might work now, break later
• Might have hidden another bug

Right approach:

• Use Pattern D1 (Self._printChanges()) to see BEFORE state
• Apply @Observable
• Use Pattern D1 again to see AFTER state
• Understand exactly what changed

Mistake 2: "Instruments is too slow for quick fixes"

Why it's wrong: Guessing is slower when you're wrong

• 25 min diagnostic = certain fix
• 5 min guess × 3 failed attempts = 15 min + still broken

Right approach:

• Always profile for production issues
• Use Self._printChanges() for simple cases

Mistake 3: "The fix works, I don't need to verify"

Why it's wrong: Manual testing ≠ verification

• Might work for your specific test
• Might fail for edge cases
• Might have introduced performance regression

Right approach:

• Always verify in Instruments after fix
• Compare before/after traces
• Test edge cases (empty data, large data, etc.)

---

Quick Command Reference

Instruments Commands

# Launch Instruments with SwiftUI template
# 1. In Xcode: Command-I
# 2. Or from command line:
open -a Instruments

# Build in Release mode (required for accurate profiling)
xcodebuild build -scheme YourScheme -configuration Release

# Clean derived data if needed
rm -rf ~/Library/Developer/Xcode/DerivedData

Self._printChanges() Debug Pattern

// Add temporarily to view body
var body: some View {
    let _ = Self._printChanges()  // Shows update reason

    // Your view code
}

Remember: Remove before committing!

Preview Diagnostics

# Check preview crash logs
open ~/Library/Logs/DiagnosticReports/

# Filter for recent preview crashes
ls -lt ~/Library/Logs/DiagnosticReports/ | grep -i preview | head -5

# Xcode menu path:
# Editor → Canvas → Diagnostics

Environment Search

# Find environment modifiers
grep -r "\.environment(" --include="*.swift" .

# Find environment object usage
grep -r "@Environment" --include="*.swift" .

# Find view identity modifiers
grep -r "\.id(" --include="*.swift" .

Instruments Navigation

In Instruments (after recording):

1. Select SwiftUI track
2. Expand to see:
   • Update Groups lane
   • Long View Body Updates lane
   • Long Representable Updates lane
3. Click Long View Body Updates summary
4. Right-click update → "Set Inspection Range and Zoom"
5. Switch to Time Profiler track
6. Find your view in call stack (Command-F)

Cause & Effect Graph:

1. Expand hierarchy in detail pane
2. Hover over view name → Click arrow
3. Choose "Show Cause & Effect Graph"
4. Click nodes to see:
   • State change node → Backtrace
   • View body node → Dependencies

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Resources

WWDC: 2025-306, 2023-10160, 2023-10149, 2021-10022

Docs: /xcode/understanding-hitches-in-your-app, /xcode/analyzing-hangs-in-your-app, /swiftui/managing-model-data-in-your-app

Skills: axiom-swiftui-debugging, axiom-swiftui-performance, axiom-swiftui-layout, axiom-xcode-debugging